Treatment of PD-L1-negative melanoma using an anti-PD-1 antibody and an anti-CTLA-4 antibody

ABSTRACT

The invention provides a method of treating a melanoma comprising (i) identifying a patient having a PD-L1-negative melanoma and (ii) administering to the patient a combination of an anti-PD-1 antibody or an antigen-binding portion thereof and an anti-CTLA-4 antibody or an antigen-binding portion thereof. The methods of the invention can extend progression-free survival for over 8 months and/or reduces the tumor size at least about 10%, about 20%, about 30%, about 40%, or about 50% compared to the tumor size prior to the administration.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

The present application claims benefit to U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/153,973 filed Apr. 28, 2015, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

REFERENCE TO A SEQUENCE LISTING SUBMITTED ELECTRONICALLY VIA EFS-WEB

The instant application contains a Sequence Listing which has been submitted in ASCII format via EFS-Web, and is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. Said ASCII copy, created on Apr. 28, 2016, is named 3338_0330001_SeqListing_ST25.txt and is 3,723 bytes in size.

Throughout this application, various publications are referenced in parentheses by author name and date, or by Patent No. or Patent Publication No. The disclosures of these publications are hereby incorporated in their entireties by reference into this application in order to more fully describe the state of the art as known to those skilled therein as of the date of the invention described and claimed herein. However, the citation of a reference herein should not be construed as an acknowledgement that such reference is prior art to the present invention.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to a method of treating PD-L1-negative melanoma comprising administering a combination of an anti-PD-1 antibody and an anti-CTLA-4 antibody.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Human cancers harbor numerous genetic and epigenetic alterations, generating neoantigens potentially recognizable by the immune system (Sjoblom et al. (2006) Science 314:268-74). The adaptive immune system, comprised of T and B lymphocytes, has powerful anti-cancer potential, with a broad capacity and exquisite specificity to respond to diverse tumor antigens. Further, the immune system demonstrates considerable plasticity and a memory component. The successful harnessing of all these attributes of the adaptive immune system would make immunotherapy unique among all cancer treatment modalities.

Recently, several immune checkpoint pathway inhibitors have begun to provide new immunotherapeutic approaches for treating cancer, including the development of an antibody (Ab), ipilimumab (YERVOY®), that binds to and inhibits Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte Antigen-4 (CTLA-4) for the treatment of patients with advanced melanoma and the development of antibodies such as nivolumab and pembrolizumab (formerly lambrolizumab; USAN Council Statement, (2013) Pembrolizumab: Statement on a nonproprietary name adopted by the USAN Council (ZZ-165), Nov. 27, 2013) that bind specifically to the Programmed Death-1 (PD-1) receptor and block the inhibitory PD-1/PD-1 ligand pathway.

The promise of the emerging field of personalized medicine is that advances in pharmacogenomics will increasingly be used to tailor therapeutics to defined sub-populations, and ultimately, individual patients in order to enhance efficacy and minimize adverse effects. Recent successes include, for example, the development of imatinib mesylate (GLEEVEC®), a protein tyrosine kinase inhibitor that inhibits the bcr-abl tyrosine kinase, to treat Philadelphia chromosome-positive chronic myelogenous leukemia (CIVIL); crizotinib (XALKORI®) to treat the 5% of patients with late-stage non-small cell lung cancers who express a mutant anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) gene; and vemurafenib (ZELBORAF®), an inhibitor of mutated B-RAF protein (V600E-BRAF) which is expressed in around half of melanoma tumors. However, unlike the clinical development of small molecule agents that target discrete activating mutations found in select cancer populations, a particular challenge in cancer immunotherapy has been the identification of mechanism-based predictive biomarkers to enable patient selection and guide on-treatment management.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present disclosure provides a method for treating a melanoma comprising (i) identifying a patient having a PD-L1-negative melanoma tumor; and (ii) administering to the patient (a) an anti-PD-1 antibody or an antigen-binding portion thereof that binds specifically to a human PD-1; and (b) an anti-CTLA-4 antibody or an antigen-binding portion thereof that binds specifically to a human CTLA-4. The present disclosure also provides a method for treating a melanoma comprising administering to a patient afflicted with a melanoma tumor (a) an anti-PD-1 antibody or an antigen-binding portion thereof that binds specifically to a human PD-1; and (b) an anti-CTLA-4 antibody or an antigen-binding portion thereof that binds specifically to a human CTLA-4, wherein the patient is identified as having a PD-L1-negative melanoma tumor prior to the administration.

The present disclosure further provides a method for extending a progression-free survival period for over 8 months in a patient afflicted with a melanoma tumor comprising administering to the patient (a) an anti-PD-1 antibody or an antigen-binding portion thereof that binds specifically to a human PD-1; and (b) an anti-CTLA-4 antibody or an antigen-binding portion thereof that binds specifically to a human CTLA-4, wherein the patient is identified as having a PD-L1-negative melanoma tumor prior to the administration and wherein the patient demonstrates progression-free survival for over 8 months. In certain embodiments, the progression-free survival of the patient is extended after the administration for over about 11 months, about 12 months, about 13 months, about 14 months, about 15 months, about 16 months, about 17 months, about 18 months, about 2 years, about 3 years, about 4 years, about 5 years, about 6 years, about 7 years, about 8 years, about 9 years, or about 10 years. In one particular embodiment, the progression-free survival of the patient is extended for over 11 months.

The present disclosure also provides a method for reducing a tumor size at least by 10% in a patient afflicted with a melanoma tumor comprising administering to the patient (a) an anti-PD-1 antibody or an antigen-binding portion thereof that binds specifically to a human PD-1; and (b) an anti-CTLA-4 antibody or an antigen-binding portion thereof that binds specifically to a human CTLA-4, wherein the patient is identified as having a PD-L1-negative melanoma tumor prior to the administration and wherein the administration reduces the tumor size at least about 10%, about 20%, about 30%, about 40%, or about 50% compared to the tumor size prior to the administration.

The present disclosure also provides a method for increasing an objective response rate to be higher than 40% in a patient population, each of whom is afflicted with a melanoma tumor, in a cancer treatment comprising administering to the patient (a) an anti-PD-1 antibody or an antigen-binding portion thereof that binds specifically to a human PD-1; and (b) an anti-CTLA-4 antibody or an antigen-binding portion thereof that binds specifically to a human CTLA-4, wherein each patient is identified as having a PD-L1-negative melanoma tumor prior to the administration and wherein the objective response rate is higher than 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, or 75%.

The present disclosure also provides a method for selecting a patient suitable for an anti-PD-1 antibody and anti-CTLA-4 antibody combination therapy comprising (i) identifying a patient having a PD-L1-negative melanoma tumor; and (ii) instructing a healthcare provider to administer to the patient (a) an anti-PD-1 antibody or an antigen-binding portion thereof that binds specifically to a human PD-1; and (b) an anti-CTLA-4 antibody or an antigen-binding portion thereof that binds specifically to a human CTLA-4.

In certain embodiments, the methods disclosed herein further comprise identifying the patient as having a melanoma tumor that does not express PD-L1 prior to the administration. In some embodiments, the patient is characterized by (i) extended progression-free survival for over 8 months, (ii) tumor size reduction at least about 10%, about 20%, about 30%, about 40%, or about 50% compared to the tumor size prior to the administration, or (iii) both.

In some embodiments, the methods disclosed herein further comprise measuring a PD-L1 expression on the melanoma tumor. In certain embodiments, the measuring further comprises assessing the proportion of cells in the test tissue sample that express PD-L1 on the cell surface. In one particular embodiment, the presence of PD-L1 is determined using an automated IHC assay.

The present disclosure further provides a kit for treating a patient afflicted with a melanoma tumor, the kit comprising (a) a dosage ranging from 0.1 to 10 mg/kg body weight of an anti-PD-1 antibody or an antigen-binding portion thereof; (b) a dosage ranging from 0.1 to 10 mg/kg body weight of an anti-CTLA-4 antibody or an antigen-binding portion thereof; and (c) instructions for using the anti-PD-1 antibody or the antigen-binding portion thereof and the anti-CTLA-4 antibody or the antigen-binding portion thereof in any of the methods disclosed herein.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIG. 1 shows a patient flow diagram of the randomized, double-blind, multicenter, phase 3 trial.

FIGS. 2A-C show progression-free survival data in the intention-to-treat population (FIG. 2A), in patients with positive PD-L1 status (FIG. 2B), and Negative PD-L1 Status (FIG. 2C). Each graph shows the progression free survival for patients treated with nivolumab alone (solid line), ipilimumab alone (dashed line), or the combination of nivolumab and ipilimumab (dotted line) in months (FIGS. 2A-C). The number at risk in months for each of nivolumab, nivolumab plus ipilimumab, and ipilimumab is shown below each x-axis (FIGS. 2A-C). PD-L1 expression status is based on verified PD-L1 assay data (FIGS. 2B-C).

FIGS. 3A and 3B show subgroup analyses of progression-free survival among patients treated with nivolumab alone compared to ipilimumab alone (FIG. 3A) and patients treated with nivolumab plus ipilimumab compared to ipilimumab alone (FIG. 3B).

FIGS. 4A-4C show the tumor burden change in target lesions in patients treated with nivolumab alone (FIG. 4A), nivolumab plus ipilimumab (FIG. 4B), and ipilimumab alone (FIG. 4C). In each graph, the y-axis shows the best reduction from baseline in target lesions (%) and the x-axis represents each patient (FIGS. 4A-C).

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to identifying an optimal strategy to treat a patient having a PD-L1-negative melanoma. The present invention shows that in a patient having a PD-L1-negative melanoma tumor, a combination therapy of an anti-PD-1 antibody and an anti-CTLA-4 antibody provides a better response (e.g., progression-free survival) than a monotherapy of either an anti-PD-1 antibody or an anti-CTLA-4 antibody. Furthermore, the combination therapy when given to a population of patients can increase the objective response rate compared to the monotherapy.

Definitions

In order that the present disclosure may be more readily understood, certain terms are first defined. As used in this application, except as otherwise expressly provided herein, each of the following terms shall have the meaning set forth below. Additional definitions are set forth throughout the application.

The term “and/or” where used herein is to be taken as specific disclosure of each of the two specified features or components with or without the other. Thus, the term “and/or” as used in a phrase such as “A and/or B” herein is intended to include “A and B,” “A or B,” “A” (alone), and “B” (alone). Likewise, the term “and/or” as used in a phrase such as “A, B, and/or C” is intended to encompass each of the following aspects: A, B, and C; A, B, or C; A or C; A or B; B or C; A and C; A and B; B and C; A (alone); B (alone); and C (alone).

It is understood that wherever aspects are described herein with the language “comprising,” otherwise analogous aspects described in terms of “consisting of” and/or “consisting essentially of” are also provided.

Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this disclosure is related. For example, the Concise Dictionary of Biomedicine and Molecular Biology, Juo, Pei-Show, 2nd ed., 2002, CRC Press; The Dictionary of Cell and Molecular Biology, 3rd ed., 1999, Academic Press; and the Oxford Dictionary Of Biochemistry And Molecular Biology, Revised, 2000, Oxford University Press, provide one of skill with a general dictionary of many of the terms used in this disclosure.

Units, prefixes, and symbols are denoted in their Système International de Unites (SI) accepted form. Numeric ranges are inclusive of the numbers defining the range. The headings provided herein are not limitations of the various aspects of the disclosure, which can be had by reference to the specification as a whole. Accordingly, the terms defined immediately below are more fully defined by reference to the specification in its entirety.

“Administering” refers to the physical introduction of a composition comprising a therapeutic agent to a subject, using any of the various methods and delivery systems known to those skilled in the art. Routes of administration for the formulations disclosed herein include intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, intraperitoneal, spinal or other parenteral routes of administration, for example by injection or infusion. The phrase “parenteral administration” as used herein means modes of administration other than enteral and topical administration, usually by injection, and includes, without limitation, intravenous, intramuscular, intraarterial, intrathecal, intralymphatic, intralesional, intracapsular, intraorbital, intracardiac, intradermal, intraperitoneal, transtracheal, subcutaneous, subcuticular, intraarticular, subcapsular, subarachnoid, intraspinal, epidural and intrasternal injection and infusion, as well as in vivo electroporation. In some embodiments, the formulation is administered via a non-parenteral route, in some embodiments, orally. Other non-parenteral routes include a topical, epidermal or mucosal route of administration, for example, intranasally, vaginally, rectally, sublingually or topically. Administering can also be performed, for example, once, a plurality of times, and/or over one or more extended periods.

An “adverse event” (AE) as used herein is any unfavorable and generally unintended or undesirable sign (including an abnormal laboratory finding), symptom, or disease associated with the use of a medical treatment. For example, an adverse event may be associated with activation of the immune system or expansion of immune system cells (e.g., T cells) in response to a treatment. A medical treatment may have one or more associated AEs and each AE may have the same or different level of severity. Reference to methods capable of “altering adverse events” means a treatment regime that decreases the incidence and/or severity of one or more AEs associated with the use of a different treatment regime.

An “antibody” (Ab) shall include, without limitation, a glycoprotein immunoglobulin which binds specifically to an antigen and comprises at least two heavy (H) chains and two light (L) chains interconnected by disulfide bonds, or an antigen-binding portion thereof. Each H chain comprises a heavy chain variable region (abbreviated herein as V_(H)) and a heavy chain constant region. The heavy chain constant region comprises three constant domains, C_(H1), C_(H2) and C_(H3). Each light chain comprises a light chain variable region (abbreviated herein as V_(L)) and a light chain constant region. The light chain constant region is comprises one constant domain, C_(L). The V_(H) and V_(L) regions can be further subdivided into regions of hypervariability, termed complementarity determining regions (CDRs), interspersed with regions that are more conserved, termed framework regions (FR). Each V_(H) and V_(L) comprises three CDRs and four FRs, arranged from amino-terminus to carboxy-terminus in the following order: FR1, CDR1, FR2, CDR2, FR3, CDR3, FR4. The variable regions of the heavy and light chains contain a binding domain that interacts with an antigen. The constant regions of the antibodies may mediate the binding of the immunoglobulin to host tissues or factors, including various cells of the immune system (e.g., effector cells) and the first component (C1q) of the classical complement system.

An immunoglobulin may derive from any of the commonly known isotypes, including but not limited to IgA, secretory IgA, IgG and IgM. IgG subclasses are also well known to those in the art and include but are not limited to human IgG1, IgG2, IgG3 and IgG4. “Isotype” refers to the antibody class or subclass (e.g., IgM or IgG1) that is encoded by the heavy chain constant region genes. The term “antibody” includes, by way of example, both naturally occurring and non-naturally occurring antibodies; monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies; chimeric and humanized antibodies; human or nonhuman antibodies; wholly synthetic antibodies; and single chain antibodies. A nonhuman antibody may be humanized by recombinant methods to reduce its immunogenicity in man. Where not expressly stated, and unless the context indicates otherwise, the term “antibody” also includes an antigen-binding fragment or an antigen-binding portion of any of the aforementioned immunoglobulins, and includes a monovalent and a divalent fragment or portion, and a single chain antibody.

The term “monoclonal antibody” (“mAb”) refers to a non-naturally occurring preparation of antibody molecules of single molecular composition, i.e., antibody molecules whose primary sequences are essentially identical, and which exhibits a single binding specificity and affinity for a particular epitope. A mAb is an example of an isolated antibody. MAbs may be produced by hybridoma, recombinant, transgenic or other techniques known to those skilled in the art.

A “human” antibody (HuMAb) refers to an antibody having variable regions in which both the framework and CDR regions are derived from human germline immunoglobulin sequences. Furthermore, if the antibody contains a constant region, the constant region is also derived from human germline immunoglobulin sequences. The human antibodies of the invention may include amino acid residues not encoded by human germline immunoglobulin sequences (e.g., mutations introduced by random or site-specific mutagenesis in vitro or by somatic mutation in vivo). However, the term “human antibody,” as used herein, is not intended to include antibodies in which CDR sequences derived from the germline of another mammalian species, such as a mouse, have been grafted onto human framework sequences. The terms “human” antibodies and “fully human” antibodies and are used synonymously.

A “humanized antibody” refers to an antibody in which some, most or all of the amino acids outside the CDR domains of a non-human antibody are replaced with corresponding amino acids derived from human immunoglobulins. In one embodiment of a humanized form of an antibody, some, most or all of the amino acids outside the CDR domains have been replaced with amino acids from human immunoglobulins, whereas some, most or all amino acids within one or more CDR regions are unchanged. Small additions, deletions, insertions, substitutions or modifications of amino acids are permissible as long as they do not abrogate the ability of the antibody to bind to a particular antigen. A “humanized” antibody retains an antigenic specificity similar to that of the original antibody.

A “chimeric antibody” refers to an antibody in which the variable regions are derived from one species and the constant regions are derived from another species, such as an antibody in which the variable regions are derived from a mouse antibody and the constant regions are derived from a human antibody.

An “anti-antigen” antibody refers to an antibody that binds specifically to the antigen. For example, an anti-PD-1 antibody binds specifically to PD-1 and an anti-CTLA-4 antibody binds specifically to CTLA-4.

An “antigen-binding portion” of an antibody (also called an “antigen-binding fragment”) refers to one or more fragments of an antibody that retain the ability to bind specifically to the antigen bound by the whole antibody.

A “cancer” refers a broad group of various diseases characterized by the uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells in the body. Unregulated cell division and growth results in the formation of malignant tumors that invade neighboring tissues and may also metastasize to distant parts of the body through the lymphatic system or bloodstream. A “cancer” or “cancer tissue” can include a tumor.

“Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte Antigen-4” (CTLA-4) refers to an immunoinhibitory receptor belonging to the CD28 family. CTLA-4 is expressed exclusively on T cells in vivo, and binds to two ligands, CD80 and CD86 (also called B7-1 and B7-2, respectively). The term “CTLA-4” as used herein includes human CTLA-4 (hCTLA-4), variants, isoforms, and species homologs of hCTLA-4, and analogs having at least one common epitope with hCTLA-4. The complete hCTLA-4 sequence can be found under GenBank Accession No. AAB59385.

The term “progression-free survival,” which can be abbreviated as PFS, as used herein refers to the length of time during and after the treatment of a solid tumor (i.e., melanoma) that a patient lives with the disease but it does not get worse.

“Dosing interval,” as used herein, means the amount of time that elapses between multiple doses of a formulation disclosed herein being administered to a subject. Dosing interval can thus be indicated as ranges.

The term “dosing frequency” as used herein refers to the frequency of administering doses of a formulation disclosed herein in a given time. Dosing frequency can be indicated as the number of doses per a given time, e.g., once a week or once in two weeks.

The use of the term “fixed dose” with regard to a composition of the invention means that two or more different antibodies in a single composition are present in the composition in particular (fixed) ratios with each other. In some embodiments, the fixed dose is based on the weight (e.g., mg) of the antibodies. In certain embodiments, the fixed dose is based on the concentration (e.g., mg/ml) of the antibodies. In some embodiments, the ratio is at least about 1:1, about 1:2, about 1:3, about 1:4, about 1:5, about 1:6, about 1:7, about 1:8, about 1:9, about 1:10, about 1:15, about 1:20, about 1:30, about 1:40, about 1:50, about 1:60, about 1:70, about 1:80, about 1:90, about 1:100, about 1:120, about 1:140, about 1:160, about 1:180, about 1:200, about 200:1, about 180:1, about 160:1, about 140:1, about 120:1, about 100:1, about 90:1, about 80:1, about 70:1, about 60:1, about 50:1, about 40:1, about 30:1, about 20:1, about 15:1, about 10:1, about 9:1, about 8:1, about 7:1, about 6:1, about 5:1, about 4:1, about 3:1, or about 2:1 mg first antibody to mg second antibody. For example, the 3:1 ratio of a first antibody and a second antibody can mean that a vial can contain about 240 mg of the first antibody and 80 mg of the second antibody or about 3 mg/ml of the first antibody and 1 mg/ml of the second antibody.

The use of the term “flat dose” with regard to the composition of the invention means a dose that is administered to a patient without regard for the weight or body surface area (BSA) of the patient. The flat dose is therefore not provided as a mg/kg dose, but rather as an absolute amount of the agent (e.g., the anti-CTLA-4 antibody and/or anti-PD-1 antibody). For example, a 60 kg person and a 100 kg person would receive the same dose of the composition (e.g., 240 mg of an anti-PD-1 antibody and 80 mg of an anti-CTLA-4 antibody in a single fixed dosing formulation vial containing both 240 mg of an anti-PD-1 antibody and 80 mg of an anti-CTLA-4 antibody (or two fixed dosing formulation vials containing 120 mg of an anti-PD-1 antibody and 40 mg of an anti-CTLA-4 antibody, etc.)).

The term “weight based dose” as referred to herein means that a dose that is administered to a patient is calculated based on the weight of the patient. For example, when a patient with 60 kg body weight requires 3 mg/kg of an anti-PD-1 antibody in combination with 1 mg/kg of an anti-CTLA-4 antibody, one can draw the appropriate amounts of the anti-PD-1 antibody (i.e., 180 mg) and the anti-CTLA-4 antibody (i.e., 60 mg) at once from a 3:1 ratio fixed dosing formulation of an anti-PD1 antibody and an anti-CTLA-4 antibody.

The term “anti-PD-1 antibody monotherapy” as used herein includes a therapy of an anti-PD-1 antibody without an anti-CTLA-4 antibody therapy. The anti-PD-1 antibody monotherapy comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of administering one or more doses of an anti-PD-1 antibody to a patient in need thereof, but does not include administering an anti-CTLA-4 antibody. In one embodiment, the anti-PD-1 antibody monotherapy comprises administering one or more doses of an anti-PD-1 antibody to a patient in need thereof, but does not include administering an anti-CTLA-4 antibody. In another embodiment, the anti-PD-1 antibody monotherapy comprises administering one or more doses of an anti-PD-1 antibody to a patient in need thereof, but does not include administering an antibody specifically targeting a protein other than PD-1. In other embodiments, the anti-PD-1 antibody monotherapy comprises administering one or more doses of an anti-PD-1 antibody to a patient in need thereof, but does not include administering another anti-cancer agent.

An “immune response” refers to the action of a cell of the immune system (for example, T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, natural killer (NK) cells, macrophages, eosinophils, mast cells, dendritic cells and neutrophils) and soluble macromolecules produced by any of these cells or the liver (including antibodies, cytokines, and complement) that results in selective targeting, binding to, damage to, destruction of, and/or elimination from a vertebrate's body of invading pathogens, cells or tissues infected with pathogens, cancerous or other abnormal cells, or, in cases of autoimmunity or pathological inflammation, normal human cells or tissues.

“PD-L1 negative” or “PD-L1 expression negative,” relating to cell surface PD-L1 expression, refers to the lack of a detectable amount of cell surface PD-L1. For cell surface expression assayed by IHC, e.g., with the mAb 28-8, a PD-L1 negative tumor or PD-L1 expression negative tumor means that less than 0.01% of cells express a detectable level of PD-L1. In some embodiments, a PD-L1 negative tumor or PD-L1 expression negative tumor means that zero (0) cells express a detectable level of PD-L1. In some embodiments, a PD-L1 negative or a PD-L1 expression negative tumor is any tumor other than a PD-L1 positive or a PD-L1 expression positive tumor.

The term “PD-L1 positive” or “PD-L1 expression positive,” relating to cell surface PD-L1 expression, refers to the proportion of cells in a test tissue sample comprising tumor cells and tumor-infiltrating inflammatory cells above which the sample is scored as expressing cell surface PD-L1. For cell surface expression assayed by immunohistochemistry (IHC), e.g., with the mAb 28-8, the PD-L1 positive tumor or PD-L1 expression positive tumor means that at least about 0.01%, at least about 0.5%, at least about 1%, at least about 2%, at least about 3%, at least about 4%, at least about 5%, at least about 6%, at least about 7%, at least about 8%, at least about 9%, at least about 10%, at least about 15%, at least about 20%, at least about 25%, or at least about 30% of the total number of cells express PD-L1. PD-L1 positive tumor or PD-L1 expression positive tumor can also be expressed herein as tumor expressing PD-L1. In other embodiments, the PD-L1 positive tumor or PD-L1 expression positive tumor means that at least about 0.1% to at least about 20% of the total number of cells express PD-L1. In certain embodiments, the PD-L1 positive tumor or PD-L1 expression positive tumor means that at least about 0.1% to at least about 10% of the total number of cells express PD-L1. In some embodiments, the PD-L1 positive or PD-L1 expression positive tumor means that at least about 1% of the total number of cells express PD-L1 on the cell surface. In other embodiments, the PD-L1 positive or PD-L1 expression positive tumor means that at least about 5% of the total number of cells express PD-L1 on the cell surface. In one particular embodiment, PD-L1 positive or PD-L1 expression positive tumor means that at least about 1%, or in the range of 1-5% of the total number of cells express PD-L1 on the cell surface.

“Programmed Death-1 (PD-1)” refers to an immunoinhibitory receptor belonging to the CD28 family. PD-1 is expressed predominantly on previously activated T cells in vivo, and binds to two ligands, PD-L1 and PD-L2. The term “PD-1” as used herein includes human PD-1 (hPD-1), variants, isoforms, and species homologs of hPD-1, and analogs having at least one common epitope with hPD-1. The complete hPD-1 sequence can be found under GenBank Accession No. U64863.

“Programmed Death Ligand-1 (PD-L1)” is one of two cell surface glycoprotein ligands for PD-1 (the other being PD-L2) that down-regulate T cell activation and cytokine secretion upon binding to PD-1. The term “PD-L1” as used herein includes human PD-L1 (hPD-L1), variants, isoforms, and species homologs of hPD-L1, and analogs having at least one common epitope with hPD-L1. The complete hPD-L1 sequence can be found under GenBank Accession No. Q9NZQ7.

A “patient” as used herein includes any patient who is afflicted with a cancer (e.g., melanoma). The terms “subject” and “patient” are used interchangeably herein.

A “therapeutically effective amount” or “therapeutically effective dosage” of a drug or therapeutic agent is any amount of the drug that, when used alone or in combination with another therapeutic agent, protects a subject against the onset of a disease or promotes disease regression evidenced by a decrease in severity of disease symptoms, an increase in frequency and duration of disease symptom-free periods, or a prevention of impairment or disability due to the disease affliction. The ability of a therapeutic agent to promote disease regression can be evaluated using a variety of methods known to the skilled practitioner, such as in human subjects during clinical trials, in animal model systems predictive of efficacy in humans, or by assaying the activity of the agent in in vitro assays.

“Treatment” or “therapy” of a subject refers to any type of intervention or process performed on, or the administration of an active agent to, the subject with the objective of reversing, alleviating, ameliorating, inhibiting, slowing down or preventing the onset, progression, development, severity or recurrence of a symptom, complication or condition, or biochemical indicia associated with a disease.

A “tumor-infiltrating inflammatory cell” is any type of cell that typically participates in an inflammatory response in a subject and which infiltrates tumor tissue. Such cells include tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), macrophages, monocytes, eosinophils, histiocytes and dendritic cells.

The use of the alternative (e.g., “or”) should be understood to mean either one, both, or any combination thereof of the alternatives. As used herein, the indefinite articles “a” or “an” should be understood to refer to “one or more” of any recited or enumerated component.

The terms “about” or “comprising essentially of” refer to a value or composition that is within an acceptable error range for the particular value or composition as determined by one of ordinary skill in the art, which will depend in part on how the value or composition is measured or determined, i.e., the limitations of the measurement system. For example, “about” or “comprising essentially of” can mean within 1 or more than 1 standard deviation per the practice in the art. Alternatively, “about” or “comprising essentially of” can mean a range of up to 10% or 20% (i.e., ±10% or ±20%). For example, about 3 mg can include any number between 2.7 mg and 3.3 mg (for 10%) or between 2.4 mg and 3.6 mg (for 20%). Furthermore, particularly with respect to biological systems or processes, the terms can mean up to an order of magnitude or up to 5-fold of a value. When particular values or compositions are provided in the application and claims, unless otherwise stated, the meaning of “about” or “comprising essentially of” should be assumed to be within an acceptable error range for that particular value or composition.

The terms “about once a week,” “once about every week,” “once about every two weeks,” or any other similar dosing interval terms as used herein means approximate number, and “about once a week” or “once about every week” can include every seven days±two days, i.e., every five days to every nine days. The dosing frequency of “once a week” thus can be every five days, every six days, every seven days, every eight days, or every nine days. “Once about every two weeks” can include every fourteen days±three days, i.e., every eleven days to every seventeen days. Similar approximations apply, for example, to once about every three weeks, once about every four weeks, once about every five weeks, once about every six weeks and once about every twelve weeks. In some embodiments, a dosing interval of once about every six weeks or once about every twelve weeks means that the first dose can be administered any day in the first week, and then the next dose can be administered any day in the sixth or twelfth week, respectively. In other embodiments, a dosing interval of once about every six weeks or once about every twelve weeks means that the first dose is administered on a particular day of the first week (e.g., Monday) and then the next dose is administered on the same day of the sixth or twelfth weeks (i.e., Monday), respectively.

As described herein, any concentration range, percentage range, ratio range or integer range is to be understood to include the value of any integer within the recited range and, when appropriate, fractions thereof (such as one-tenth and one-hundredth of an integer), unless otherwise indicated.

Various aspects of the invention are described in further detail in the following subsections.

Methods of the Invention

The present invention is directed to a method for treating a PD-L1-negative melanoma in a subject in need thereof. The present invention shows that for PD-L1 negative tumors, a combination therapy of an anti-PD-1 antibody and an anti-CTLA-4 antibody is more suitable than a monotherapy of either an anti-PD-1 antibody or an anti-CTLA-4 antibody.

Not bound to any theory, the present invention identifies that in patients having a PD-L1-negative tumor progression-free survival and overall response rate are higher following treatment with a combination therapy with an anti-PD-1 antibody and an anti-CTLA-4 antibody than following treatment with either an anti-PD-1 antibody or an anti-CTLA-4 antibody alone. Therefore, in order to increase the response of a patient having a PD-L1-negative tumor, the present invention provides identifying a patient suitable for the combination therapy of an anti-PD-1 antibody and an anti-CTLA-4 antibody.

In one embodiment, the invention includes a method of treating a PD-L1 negative melanoma comprising administering to a patient: (a) an anti-PD-1 antibody or an antigen-binding portion thereof that binds specifically to a human PD-1; and (b) an anti-CTLA-4 antibody or an antigen-binding portion thereof that binds specifically to a human CTLA-4, wherein the patient is identified as having a PD-L1-negative melanoma tumor prior to the administration. In another embodiment, the invention includes a method for treating a melanoma in a patient in need thereof comprising: (i) identifying a patient having a PD-L1-negative melanoma tumor; and (ii) administering to the patient: (a) an anti-PD-1 antibody or an antigen-binding portion thereof that binds specifically to a human PD-1; and (b) an anti-CTLA-4 antibody or an antigen-binding portion thereof that binds specifically to a human CTLA-4.

In certain embodiments, the invention includes a method for extending a progression-free survival period for over 9 months in a patient afflicted with a PD-L1 negative melanoma tumor comprising administering to the patient: (a) an anti-PD-1 antibody or an antigen-binding portion thereof that binds specifically to a human PD-1; and (b) an anti-CTLA-4 antibody or an antigen-binding portion thereof that binds specifically to a human CTLA-4, wherein the patient is identified as having a PD-L1-negative melanoma tumor prior to the administration and wherein the patient demonstrates progression-free survival for over 9 months. In other embodiments, the invention provides a method for extending a progression-free survival period for over 9 months in a patient afflicted with a melanoma tumor comprising: (i) identifying a patient having a PD-L1-negative melanoma tumor; and (ii) administering to the patient (a) an anti-PD-1 antibody or an antigen-binding portion thereof that binds specifically to a human PD-1; and (b) an anti-CTLA-4 antibody or an antigen-binding portion thereof that binds specifically to a human CTLA-4, wherein the patient demonstrates progression-free survival for over 9 months. According to the invention, the progression-free survival of the patient can be extended, after the administration, over about 10 months, over about 11 months, over about 12 months, over about 13 months, about 14 months, about 15 months, about 16 months, about 17 months, about 18 months, about 2 years, about 3 years, about 4 years, about 5 years, about 6 years, about 7 years, about 8 years, about 9 years, or about 10 years. In a particular embodiment, the progression-free survival of the patient is extended for over 10 months.

In still other embodiments, the invention is directed to a method for reducing a tumor size at least by 10% in a patient afflicted with a PD-L1 negative melanoma tumor comprising administering to the patient: (a) an anti-PD-1 antibody or an antigen-binding portion thereof that binds specifically to a human PD-1; and (b) an anti-CTLA-4 antibody or an antigen-binding portion thereof that binds specifically to a human CTLA-4, wherein the patient is identified as having a PD-L1-negative melanoma tumor prior to the administration and wherein the administration reduces the tumor size at least about 10%, about 20%, about 30%, about 40%, or about 50% compared to the tumor size prior to the administration. In yet other embodiments, the method comprises (i) identifying a patient having a PD-L1-negative melanoma tumor; and (ii) administering to the patient (a) an anti-PD-1 antibody or an antigen-binding portion thereof that binds specifically to a human PD-1; and (b) an anti-CTLA-4 antibody or an antigen-binding portion thereof that binds specifically to a human CTLA-4, wherein the administration reduces the tumor size at least about 10%, about 20%, about 30%, about 40%, or about 50% compared to the tumor size prior to the administration. The tumor size, after the administration, can be reduced at least about 60%, 70%, 80%, 90% or 100%. The tumor can be completely eliminated from the patient's body after the administration.

The invention can also include a method of preventing a relapse and/or induce a remission to a patient having a PD-L1 negative melanoma tumor comprising administering to the patient: (a) an anti-PD-1 antibody or an antigen-binding portion thereof that binds specifically to a human PD-1; and (b) an anti-CTLA-4 antibody or an antigen-binding portion thereof that binds specifically to a human CTLA-4, wherein the patient is identified as having a PD-L1-negative melanoma tumor prior to the administration. In some embodiments, the method of the invention comprises (i) identifying a patient having a PD-L1-negative melanoma tumor; and (ii) administering to the patient (a) an anti-PD-1 antibody or an antigen-binding portion thereof that binds specifically to a human PD-1; and (b) an anti-CTLA-4 antibody or an antigen-binding portion thereof that binds specifically to a human CTLA-4.

In certain embodiments, the invention includes a method for increasing an objective response rate to be higher than 40% in a patient population, wherein each patient of the patient population is afflicted with a melanoma tumor, in a cancer treatment comprising administering to the patient: (a) an anti-PD-1 antibody or an antigen-binding portion thereof that binds specifically to a human PD-1; and (b) an anti-CTLA-4 antibody or an antigen-binding portion thereof that binds specifically to a human CTLA-4, wherein each patient is identified as having a PD-L1-negative melanoma tumor prior to the administration and wherein the objective response rate is higher than 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, or 75%. The methods can further comprise identifying each patient as having a PD-L1-negative melanoma tumor prior to the administration. In other embodiments, each patient in the methods can further be characterized by (i) extended progression-free survival for over 11 months, (ii) tumor size reduction at least about 10%, about 20%, about 30%, about 40%, or about 50% compared to the tumor size prior to the administration, or (iii) both. In some embodiments, the patient population can be at least 100 patients having a PD-L1-negative melanoma tumor. In some embodiments, the patient population can be at least 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, or 1000 patients having a PD-L1-negative melanoma tumor.

In further embodiments, the invention provides a method for selecting a suitable cancer therapy course in a patient having a PD-L1 negative melanoma tumor comprising: (i) identifying a patient having a PD-L1-negative melanoma tumor; and (ii) instructing a healthcare provider to administer to the patient: (a) an anti-PD-1 antibody or an antigen-binding portion thereof that binds specifically to a human PD-1; and (b) an anti-CTLA-4 antibody or an antigen-binding portion thereof that binds specifically to a human CTLA-4. The method further comprises administering the antibodies to the patient.

The methods of the invention as a result of the combination therapy can treat the melanoma tumor, reduce the tumor size, prevent growth of the tumor, eliminate the tumor from the patient, prevent a relapse of a tumor, induce a remission in a patient, or any combination thereof. In certain embodiments, the combination therapy induces a complete response. In other embodiments, the combination therapy induces a partial response.

Melanoma

Melanoma (MEL) is a malignant tumor of melanocytes, the melanin-producing cells found predominantly in skin. Though less common than other skin cancers, it is the most dangerous of skin cancers if not diagnosed early and causes the majority (75%) of skin cancer deaths. The incidence of MEL is increasing worldwide in Caucasian populations, especially where peoples with low amounts of skin pigmentation receive excessive ultraviolet light exposure from the sun. In Europe, the incidence rate is <10-20 per 100,000 population; in the USA 20-30 per 100,000; and in Australia, where the highest incidence is observed, 50-60 per 100,000 (Garbe et al., Eur. J. Cancer. 48(15):2375-90 (2012)). MEL accounts for about 5% of all new cases of cancer in the United States (U.S.), and the incidence continues to rise by almost 3% per year. This translates to an estimated 76,690 new cases in the U.S. in 2013 with 9,480 associated deaths (Siegel et al., CA Cancer J. Clin. 63(1):11-30 (2013)).

For in situ (stage 0) or early-stage MEL (Stages I-II), surgical excision is the primary treatment. In general, the prognosis is excellent for patients with localized disease and tumors 1.0 mm or less in thickness, with 5-year survival rates of more than 90% (NCCN GUIDELINES®, 2013—Melanoma). Where surgical excision is not feasible for in situ melanoma due to comorbidity or cosmetically sensitive tumor location, topical imiquimod (INN) and radiotherapy are emerging as treatments, especially for lentigo maligna. Chemotherapeutic agents for treating MEL include dacarbazine, temozolomide and imatinib for melanoma with a c-KIT mutation, high-dose interleukin-2, and paclitaxel with or without carboplatin. However, these treatments have modest success, with response rates below 20% in first-line (1L) and second-line (2L) settings.

For patients with localized melanomas more than 1.0 mm in thickness, survival rates range from 50-90%. The likelihood of regional nodal involvement increases with increasing tumor thickness. With Stage III MEL (clinically positive nodes and/or in-transit disease), 5-year survival rates range from 20-70%. By far the most lethal is Stage IV MEL where long-term survival in patients with distant metastatic melanoma is less than 10% (NCCN GUIDELINES®, 2013—melanoma).

The types of melanoma that can be treated with the present methods include, but are not limited to, lentigo maligna, lentigo maligna melanoma, superficial spreading melanoma, acral lentiginous melanoma, nucosal melanoma, nodular melanoma, polypoid melanoma, desmoplastic melanoma, amelanotic melanoma, soft-tissue melanoma, melanoma with small nevus-like cells, melanoma with features of a Spitz nevus, or uveal melanoma. The stages of melanoma that can be treated with the present methods include, but are not limited to, (i) Stage I/II (invasive melanoma): T1a characterized by less than 1.0 mm primary tumor thickness, without ulceration, and mitosis<1/mm²; T1b characterized by less than 1.0 mm primary tumor thickness, with ulceration or mitoses≥1/mm²; T2a characterized by 1.01-2.0 mm primary tumor thickness, without ulceration; (ii) Stage II (high risk melanoma): T2b characterized by 1.01-2.0 mm primary tumor thickness, with ulceration; T3a characterized by 2.01-4.0 mm primary tumor thickness, without ulceration; T3b characterized by 2.01-4.0 mm primary tumor thickness, with ulceration; T4a characterized by greater than 4.0 mm primary tumor thickness, without ulceration; or T4b characterized by greater than 4.0 mm primary tumor thickness, with ulceration; (iii) Stage III (regional metastasis): N1 characterized by single positive lymph node; N2 characterized by two to three positive lymph nodes or regional skin/in-transit metastasis; or N3 characterized by four positive lymph nodes or one lymph node and regional skin/in-transit metastases; and (iv) Stage IV (distant metastasis): M1a characterized by distant skin metastasis, normal LDH; M1b characterized by Lung metastasis, normal LDH; or M1c characterized by other distant metastasis or any distant metastasis with elevated LDH. PD-L1-negative tumors that are treatable by the present methods can lack PD-L1 expression on the surface of tumor cells and/or tumor infiltrating inflammatory cells.

Measurement of PD-L1 Expression

In certain embodiments, identifying a patient suitable for a combination therapy for the present methods includes measuring or assessing a PD-L1 expression on the surface of the melanoma tumor cells or tumor infiltrating inflammatory cells. The phrases “tumors expressing PD-L1,” “PD-L1 expressing tumor,” “PD-L1 positive tumor,” and “PD-L1 expression positive tumor” are used interchangeably herein. The meaning of the phrases is provided elsewhere herein. The methods of measuring or assessing the PD-L1 expression can be achieved by any methods applicable.

In order to assess the PD-L1 expression, in one embodiment, a test tissue sample is obtained from the patient who is in need of the therapy. In another embodiment, the assessment of PD-L1 expression can be achieved without obtaining a test tissue sample. In some embodiments, selecting a suitable patient includes (i) optionally providing a test tissue sample obtained from a patient with cancer of the tissue, the test tissue sample comprising tumor cells and/or tumor-infiltrating inflammatory cells; and (ii) assessing the proportion of cells in the test tissue sample that express PD-L1 on the surface of the cells based on an assessment that the proportion of cells in the test tissue sample that express PD-L1 on the cell surface is lower than a predetermined threshold level. A test tissue sample can be considered to be PD-L1-negative if less than about 5% of the cells in the test tissue express PD-L1 on the cell surface. In other embodiments, a test tissue sample is considered to be PD-L1-negative if less than about 4%, less than about 3%, less than about 2%, less than about 1%, less than about 0.5%, less than about 0.1%, less than about 0.01% or 0% of the cells in the test tissue express PD-L1 on the cell surface. In one particular example, the test tissue sample can be considered to be PD-L1-negative if less than about 5% of the cells in the test tissue express PD-L1 on the cell surface.

In any of the methods comprising the measurement of PD-L1 expression in a test tissue sample, however, it should be understood that the step comprising the provision of a test tissue sample obtained from a patient is an optional step. That is, in certain embodiments the method includes this step, and in other embodiments, this step is not included in the method. It should also be understood that in certain embodiments the “measuring” or “assessing” step to identify, or determine the number or proportion of, cells in the test tissue sample that express PD-L1 on the cell surface is performed by a transformative method of assaying for PD-L1 expression, for example by performing a reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay or an IHC assay. In certain other embodiments, no transformative step is involved and PD-L1 expression is assessed by, for example, reviewing a report of test results from a laboratory. In certain embodiments, the steps of the methods up to, and including, assessing PD-L1 expression provides an intermediate result that may be provided to a physician or other healthcare provider for use in selecting a suitable candidate for the combination therapy of an anti-PD-1 antibody and an anti-CTLA-4 antibody. In certain embodiments, the steps that provide the intermediate result is performed by a medical practitioner or someone acting under the direction of a medical practitioner. In other embodiments, these steps are performed by an independent laboratory or by an independent person such as a laboratory technician.

In certain embodiments of any of the present methods, the proportion of cells that express PD-L1 is assessed by performing an assay to determine the presence of PD-L1 RNA. In further embodiments, the presence of PD-L1 RNA is determined by RT-PCR, in situ hybridization or RNase protection. In other embodiments, the proportion of cells that express PD-L1 is assessed by performing an assay to determine the presence of PD-L1 polypeptide. In further embodiments, the presence of PD-L1 polypeptide is determined by immunohistochemistry (IHC), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), in vivo imaging, or flow cytometry. In some embodiments, PD-L1 expression is assayed by IHC. In other embodiments of all of these methods, cell surface expression of PD-L1 is assayed using, e.g., IHC or in vivo imaging.

Imaging techniques have provided important tools in cancer research and treatment. Recent developments in molecular imaging systems, including positron emission tomography (PET), single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), fluorescence reflectance imaging (FRI), fluorescence-mediated tomography (FMT), bioluminescence imaging (BLI), laser-scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM) and multiphoton microscopy (MPM), will likely herald even greater use of these techniques in cancer research. Some of these molecular imaging systems allow clinicians to not only see where a tumor is located in the body, but also to visualize the expression and activity of specific molecules, cells, and biological processes that influence tumor behavior and/or responsiveness to therapeutic drugs (Condeelis and Weissleder, Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Biol. 2(12):a003848 (2010)). Antibody specificity, coupled with the sensitivity and resolution of PET, makes immunoPET imaging particularly attractive for monitoring and assaying expression of antigens in tissue samples (McCabe and Wu, Cancer Biother. Radiopharm. 25(3):253-61 (2010); Olafsen et al., Protein Eng. Des. Sel. 23(4):243-9 (2010)). In certain embodiments of any of the present methods, PD-L1 expression is assayed by immunoPET imaging. In certain embodiments of any of the present methods, the proportion of cells in a test tissue sample that express PD-L1 is assessed by performing an assay to determine the presence of PD-L1 polypeptide on the surface of cells in the test tissue sample. In certain embodiments, the test tissue sample is a FFPE tissue sample. In other embodiments, the presence of PD-L1 polypeptide is determined by IHC assay. In further embodiments, the IHC assay is performed using an automated process. In some embodiments, the IHC assay is performed using an anti-PD-L1 mAb to bind to the PD-L1 polypeptide, if present.

Assaying Cell-Surface PD-L1 Expression by Automated IHC

In one embodiment of the present methods, an automated IHC method is used to assay the expression of PD-L1 on the surface of cells in FFPE tissue specimens. This disclosure provides methods for detecting the presence of human PD-L1 antigen in a test tissue sample, or quantifying the level of human PD-L1 antigen or the proportion of cells in the sample that express the antigen, which methods comprise contacting the test sample, and a negative control sample, with a mAb that specifically binds to human PD-L1, under conditions that allow for formation of a complex between the antibody or portion thereof and human PD-L1. In certain embodiments, the test and control tissue samples are FFPE samples. The formation of a complex can then be detected, wherein a difference in complex formation between the test sample and the negative control sample is indicative of the presence of human PD-L1 antigen in the sample. Various methods are used to quantify PD-L1 expression.

In a particular embodiment, the automated IHC method comprises: (a) deparaffinizing and rehydrating mounted tissue sections in an autostainer; (b) retrieving antigen using a decloaking chamber and pH 6 buffer, heated to 110° C. for 10 min; (c) setting up reagents on an autostainer; and (d) running the autostainer to include steps of neutralizing endogenous peroxidase in the tissue specimen; blocking non-specific protein-binding sites on the slides; incubating the slides with primary Ab; incubating with a postprimary blocking agent; incubating with NovoLink Polymer; adding a chromogen substrate and developing; and counterstaining with hematoxylin.

For assessing PD-L1 expression in tumor tissue samples, a pathologist examines the number of membrane PD-L1⁺ tumor cells in each field under a microscope and mentally estimates the percentage of cells that are positive, then averages them to come to the final percentage. The different staining intensities are defined as 0/negative, 1+/weak, 2+/moderate, and 3+/strong. Typically, percentage values are first assigned to the 0 and 3+ buckets, and then the intermediate 1+ and 2+ intensities are considered. For highly heterogeneous tissues, the specimen is divided into zones, and each zone is scored separately and then combined into a single set of percentage values. The percentages of negative and positive cells for the different staining intensities are determined from each area and a median value is given to each zone. A final percentage value is given to the tissue for each staining intensity category: negative, 1+, 2+, and 3+. The sum of all staining intensities needs to be 100%.

Staining is also assessed in tumor-infiltrating inflammatory cells such as macrophages and lymphocytes. In most cases macrophages serve as an internal positive control since staining is observed in a large proportion of macrophages. While not required to stain with 3+ intensity, an absence of staining of macrophages should be taken into account to rule out any technical failure. Macrophages and lymphocytes are assessed for plasma membrane staining and only recorded for all samples as being positive or negative for each cell category. Staining is also characterized according to an outside/inside tumor immune cell designation. “Inside” means the immune cell is within the tumor tissue and/or on the boundaries of the tumor region without being physically intercalated among the tumor cells. “Outside” means that there is no physical association with the tumor, the immune cells being found in the periphery associated with connective or any associated adjacent tissue.

In certain embodiments of these scoring methods, the samples are scored by two pathologists operating independently, and the scores are subsequently consolidated. In certain other embodiments, the identification of positive and negative cells is scored using appropriate software.

A histoscore is used as a more quantitative measure of the IHC data. The histoscore is calculated as follows: Histoscore=[(% tumor×1(low intensity))+(% tumor×2(medium intensity))+(% tumor×3(high intensity)]

To determine the histoscore, the pathologist estimates the percentage of stained cells in each intensity category within a specimen. Because expression of most biomarkers is heterogeneous the histoscore is a truer representation of the overall expression. The final histoscore range is 0 (no expression) to 300 (maximum expression). A test sample can be designated as PD-L1-negative even though some level of PD-L1 expression is detected. For example, a designation of PD-L1-negative can be assigned to a specimen having a final histoscore of about 15 or less, of about 10 or less, about 9 or less, about 8 or less, about 7 or less, about 6 or less, about 5 or less, about 4 or less, about 3 or less, about 2 or less, about 1 or less, or of 0.

An alternative means of quantifying PD-L1 expression in a test tissue sample IHC is to determine the adjusted inflammation score (AIS) score defined as the density of inflammation multiplied by the percent PD-L1 expression by tumor-infiltrating inflammatory cells (Taube et al., Sci. Transl. Med. 4(127):127ra37 (2012)).

Anti-PD-1 Antibodies

PD-1 is a key immune checkpoint receptor expressed by activated T and B cells and mediates immunosuppression. PD-1 is a member of the CD28 family of receptors, which includes CD28, CTLA-4, ICOS, PD-1, and BTLA. Two cell surface glycoprotein ligands for PD-1 have been identified, Programmed Death Ligand-1 (PD-L1) and Programmed Death Ligand-2 (PD-L2), that are expressed on antigen-presenting cells as well as many human cancers and have been shown to down regulate T cell activation and cytokine secretion upon binding to PD-1. Inhibition of the PD-1/PD-L1 interaction mediates potent antitumor activity in preclinical models.

HuMAbs that bind specifically to PD-1 with high affinity have been disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 8,008,449 and 8,779,105. Other anti-PD-1 mAbs have been described in, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,808,710, 7,488,802, 8,168,757 and 8,354,509, and PCT Publication No. WO 2012/145493. Each of the anti-PD-1 HuMAbs disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 8,008,449 has been demonstrated to exhibit one or more of the following characteristics: (a) binds to human PD-1 with a K_(D) of 1×10⁻⁷ M or less, as determined by surface plasmon resonance using a Biacore biosensor system; (b) does not substantially bind to human CD28, CTLA-4 or ICOS; (c) increases T-cell proliferation in a Mixed Lymphocyte Reaction (MLR) assay; (d) increases interferon-γ production in an MLR assay; (e) increases IL-2 secretion in an MLR assay; (f) binds to human PD-1 and cynomolgus monkey PD-1; (g) inhibits the binding of PD-L1 and/or PD-L2 to PD-1; (h) stimulates antigen-specific memory responses; (i) stimulates antibody responses; and (j) inhibits tumor cell growth in vivo. Anti-PD-1 antibodies useful for the present invention include mAbs that bind specifically to human PD-1 and exhibit at least one, at least two, at least three, at least four, or at least five, of the preceding characteristics.

In one embodiment, the anti-PD-1 antibody is nivolumab. Nivolumab (also known as “OPDIVO®”; formerly designated 5C4, BMS-936558, MDX-1106, or ONO-4538) is a fully human IgG4 (S228P) PD-1 immune checkpoint inhibitor antibody that selectively prevents interaction with PD-1 ligands (PD-L1 and PD-L2), thereby blocking the down-regulation of antitumor T-cell functions (U.S. Pat. No. 8,008,449; Wang et al., Cancer Immunol Res. 2(9):846-56 (2014)). In another embodiment, the anti-PD-1 antibody or fragment thereof cross-competes with nivolumab. In other embodiments, the anti-PD-1 antibody or fragment thereof binds to the same epitope as nivolumab. In certain embodiments, the anti-PD-1 antibody has the same CDRs as nivolumab.

In another embodiment, the anti-PD-1 antibody or fragment thereof cross-competes with pembrolizumab. In some embodiments, the anti-PD-1 antibody or fragment thereof binds to the same epitope as pembrolizumab. In certain embodiments, the anti-PD-1 antibody has the same CDRs as pembrolizumab. In another embodiment, the anti-PD-1 antibody is pembrolizumab. Pembrolizumab (also known as “KEYTRUDA®”, lambrolizumab, and MK-3475) is a humanized monoclonal IgG4 antibody directed against human cell surface receptor PD-1 (programmed death-1 or programmed cell death-1). Pembrolizumab is described, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 8,354,509 and 8,900,587; see also http://www.cancer.gov/drugdictionary?cdrid=695789 (last accessed: Dec. 14, 2014). Pembrolizumab has been approved by the FDA for the treatment of relapsed or refractory melanoma.

In other embodiments, the anti-PD-1 antibody or fragment thereof cross-competes with MEDI0608. In still other embodiments, the anti-PD-1 antibody or fragment thereof binds to the same epitope as MEDI0608. In certain embodiments, the anti-PD-1 antibody has the same CDRs as MEDI0608. In other embodiments, the anti-PD-1 antibody is MEDI0608 (formerly AMP-514), which is a monoclonal antibody. MEDI0608 is described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 8,609,089B2 or in http://www.cancer.gov/drugdictionary?cdrid=756047 (last accessed Dec. 14, 2014).

In certain embodiments, the first antibody is an anti-PD-1 antagonist. One example of the anti-PD-1 antagonist is AMP-224, which is a B7-DC Fc fusion protein. AMP-224 is discussed in U.S. Publ. No. 2013/0017199 or in http://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-drug?cdrid=700595 (last accessed Jul. 8, 2015).

In other embodiments, the anti-PD-1 antibody or fragment thereof cross-competes with BGB-A317. In some embodiments, the anti-PD-1 antibody or fragment thereof binds the same epitope as BGB-A317. In certain embodiments, the anti-PD-1 antibody has the same CDRs as BGB-A317. In certain embodiments, the anti-PD-1 antibody is BGB-A317, which is a humanized monoclonal antibody. BGB-A317 is described in U.S. Publ. No. 2015/0079109.

In some embodiments, the antibody is Pidilizumab (CT-011), which is an antibody previously reported to bind to PD-1 but which is believed to bind to a different target. Pidilizumab is described in U.S. Pat. No. 8,686,119 B2 or WO 2013/014668 A1.

Anti-PD-1 antibodies useful for the disclosed compositions also include isolated antibodies that bind specifically to human PD-1 and cross-compete for binding to human PD-1 with nivolumab (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 8,008,449 and 8,779,105; WO 2013/173223). The ability of antibodies to cross-compete for binding to an antigen indicates that these antibodies bind to the same epitope region of the antigen and sterically hinder the binding of other cross-competing antibodies to that particular epitope region. These cross-competing antibodies are expected to have functional properties very similar to those of nivolumab by virtue of their binding to the same epitope region of PD-1. Cross-competing antibodies can be readily identified based on their ability to cross-compete with nivolumab in standard PD-1 binding assays such as Biacore analysis, ELISA assays or flow cytometry (see, e.g., WO 2013/173223).

In certain embodiments, the antibodies that cross-compete for binding to human PD-1 with, or bind to the same epitope region of human PD-1 as, nivolumab are mAbs. For administration to human subjects, these cross-competing antibodies can be chimeric antibodies, or humanized or human antibodies. Such chimeric, humanized or human mAbs can be prepared and isolated by methods well known in the art.

Anti-PD-1 antibodies useful for the compositions of the disclosed invention also include antigen-binding portions of the above antibodies. It has been amply demonstrated that the antigen-binding function of an antibody can be performed by fragments of a full-length antibody. Examples of binding fragments encompassed within the term “antigen-binding portion” of an antibody include (i) a Fab fragment, a monovalent fragment consisting of the V_(L), V_(H), C_(L) and C_(m) domains; (ii) a F(ab′)₂ fragment, a bivalent fragment comprising two Fab fragments linked by a disulfide bridge at the hinge region; (iii) a Fd fragment consisting of the V_(H) and C_(m) domains; and (iv) a Fv fragment consisting of the V_(L) and V_(H) domains of a single arm of an antibody.

Anti-PD-1 antibodies suitable for use in the disclosed compositions are antibodies that bind to PD-1 with high specificity and affinity, block the binding of PD-L1 and or PD-L2, and inhibit the immunosuppressive effect of the PD-1 signaling pathway. In any of the compositions or methods disclosed herein, an anti-PD-1 “antibody” includes an antigen-binding portion or fragment that binds to the PD-1 receptor and exhibits the functional properties similar to those of whole antibodies in inhibiting ligand binding and upregulating the immune system. In certain embodiments, the anti-PD-1 antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof cross-competes with nivolumab for binding to human PD-1. In other embodiments, the anti-PD-1 antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof is a chimeric, humanized or human monoclonal antibody or a portion thereof. In certain embodiments, the antibody is a humanized antibody. In other embodiments, the antibody is a human antibody. Antibodies of an IgG1, IgG2, IgG3 or IgG4 isotype can be used.

In certain embodiments, the anti-PD-1 antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof comprises a heavy chain constant region which is of a human IgG1 or IgG4 isotype. In certain other embodiments, the sequence of the IgG4 heavy chain constant region of the anti-PD-1 antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof contains an S228P mutation which replaces a serine residue in the hinge region with the proline residue normally found at the corresponding position in IgG1 isotype antibodies. This mutation, which is present in nivolumab, prevents Fab arm exchange with endogenous IgG4 antibodies, while retaining the low affinity for activating Fc receptors associated with wild-type IgG4 antibodies (Wang et al., Cancer Immunol Res. 2(9):846-56 (2014)). In yet other embodiments, the antibody comprises a light chain constant region which is a human kappa or lambda constant region. In other embodiments, the anti-PD-1 antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof is a mAb or an antigen-binding portion thereof. In certain embodiments of any of the therapeutic methods described herein comprising administration of an anti-PD-1 antibody, the anti-PD-1 antibody is nivolumab. In other embodiments, the anti-PD-1 antibody is pembrolizumab. In other embodiments, the anti-PD-1 antibody is chosen from the human antibodies 17D8, 2D3, 4H1, 4A11, 7D3 and 5F4 described in U.S. Pat. No. 8,008,449. In still other embodiments, the anti-PD-1 antibody is MEDI0608 (formerly AMP-514), AMP-224, or BGB-A317.

Because anti-PD-1 and anti-PD-L1 target the same signaling pathway and have been shown in clinical trials to exhibit similar levels of efficacy in a variety of cancers, including RCC (see Brahmer et al. (2012) N Engl J Med 366:2455-65; Topalian et al. (2012a) N Engl J Med 366:2443-54; WO 2013/173223), an anti-PD-L1 antibody may be substituted for the anti-PD-1 Ab in any of the therapeutic methods disclosed herein. In certain embodiments, the anti-PD-L1 antibody is BMS-936559 (formerly 12A4 or MDX-1105) (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 7,943,743; WO 2013/173223). In other embodiments, the anti-PD-L1 antibody is MPDL3280A (also known as RG7446) (see, e.g., Herbst et al. (2013) J Clin Oncol 31(suppl):3000. Abstract; U.S. Pat. No. 8,217,149) or MEDI4736 (Khleif (2013) In: Proceedings from the European Cancer Congress 2013; Sep. 27-Oct. 1, 2013; Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Abstract 802). In certain embodiments, the antibodies that cross-compete for binding to human PD-L1 with, or bind to the same epitope region of human PD-L1 as the above-references PD-L1 antibodies are mAbs. For administration to human subjects, these cross-competing antibodies can be chimeric antibodies, or can be humanized or human antibodies. Such chimeric, humanized or human mAbs can be prepared and isolated by methods well known in the art.

Anti-PD-L1 Antibodies

In certain embodiments, the present application encompasses use of an anti-PD-L1 antibody in lieu of anti-PD-1 antibody. In one embodiment, the anti-PD-L1 antibody inhibits the binding of PD-L1 receptor, i.e., PD-1, with its ligand PD-L1.

Anti-PD-L1 antibodies useful for the invention include antibodies engineered starting from antibodies having one or more of the V_(H) and/or V_(L) sequences disclosed herein, which engineered antibodies can have altered properties from the starting antibodies. An anti-PD-L1 antibody can be engineered by a variety of modifications as described above for the engineering of modified anti-PD-1 antibodies of the invention.

Anti-PD-L1 antibodies of the invention also include isolated antibodies selected for their ability to bind to PD-L1 in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue specimens. The use of FFPE samples is essential for the long-term follow-up analysis of the correlation between PD-L1 expression in tumors and disease prognosis or progression. The use of different antibodies to stain PD-L1 in frozen versus FFPE tissues, and the ability of certain antibodies to distinguish membranous and/or cytoplasmic forms of PD-L1, may account for some of the disparate data reported in the literature correlating PD-L1 expression with disease prognosis (Hamanishi et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 104(9):3360-3365 (2007); Gadiot et al., Cancer 117(10):2192-2201 (2011)). This disclosure provides several rabbit mAbs that bind with high affinity specifically to membranous human PD-L1 in FFPE tissue samples comprising tumor cells and tumor-infiltrating inflammatory cells.

In some embodiments, an anti-PD-L1 antibody useful for the present methods includes mAb 28-8 set forth in SEQ ID NOs. 1 and 2, respectively. The sequences of the heavy and light chain CDR domains of mAb 28-8, as delineated using the Kabat system, are set forth in SEQ ID NOs. 3-8. In other embodiments, an anti-PD-L1 antibody useful for the invention comprises mAbs 28-1, 28-12, 29-8 and 20-12 or an antigen-binding portion thereof, for example, including Fab, F(ab′)₂ Fd, Fv, and scFv, di-scFv or bi-scFv, and scFv-Fc fragments, diabodies, triabodies, tetrabodies, and isolated CDRs.

Anti-CTLA-4 Antibodies

Anti-CTLA-4 antibodies of the instant invention bind to human CTLA-4 so as to disrupt the interaction of CTLA-4 with a human B7 receptor. Because the interaction of CTLA-4 with B7 transduces a signal leading to inactivation of T-cells bearing the CTLA-4 receptor, disruption of the interaction effectively induces, enhances or prolongs the activation of such T cells, thereby inducing, enhancing or prolonging an immune response.

HuMAbs that bind specifically to CTLA-4 with high affinity have been disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,984,720 and 7,605,238. Other anti-PD-1 mAbs have been described in, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,977,318, 6,051,227, 6,682,736, and 7,034,121. The anti-PD-1 HuMAbs disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,984,720 and 7,605,238 have been demonstrated to exhibit one or more of the following characteristics: (a) binds specifically to human CTLA-4 with a binding affinity reflected by an equilibrium association constant (K_(a)) of at least about 10⁷ M⁻¹, or about 10⁹ M⁻¹, or about 10¹⁰ M⁻¹ to 10¹¹ M⁻¹ or higher, as determined by Biacore analysis; (b) a kinetic association constant (k_(a)) of at least about 10³, about 10⁴, or about 10⁵ m⁻¹ s⁻¹; (c) a kinetic disassociation constant (k_(d)) of at least about 10³, about 10⁴, or about 10⁵ m⁻¹ s⁻¹; and (d) inhibits the binding of CTLA-4 to B7-1 (CD80) and B7-2 (CD86). Anti-CTLA-4 antibodies useful for the present invention include mAbs that bind specifically to human CTLA-4 and exhibit at least one, at least two, or at least three of the preceding characteristics.

An exemplary clinical anti-CTLA-4 antibody is the human mAb 10D1 (now known as ipilimumab and marketed as YERVOY®) as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,984,720. Ipilimumab is an anti-CTLA-4 antibody for use in the methods disclosed herein. Ipilimumab is a fully human, IgG1 monoclonal antibody that blocks the binding of CTLA-4 to its B7 ligands, thereby stimulating T cell activation and improving overall survival (OS) in patients with advanced melanoma.

Another anti-CTLA-4 antibody useful for the present methods is tremelimumab (also known as CP-675,206). Tremelimumab is human IgG2 monoclonal anti-CTLA-4 antibody. Tremelimumab is described in WO/2012/122444, U.S. Publ. No. 2012/263677, or WO Publ. No. 2007/113648 A2.

Anti-CTLA-4 antibodies useful for the disclosed composition also include isolated antibodies that bind specifically to human CTLA-4 and cross-compete for binding to human CTLA-4 with ipilimumab or tremelimumab or bind to the same epitope region of human CTLA-4 as ipilimumab or tremelimumab. In certain embodiments, the antibodies that cross-compete for binding to human CTLA-4 with, or bind to the same epitope region of human CTLA-4 as does ipilimumab or tremelimumab, are antibodies comprising a heavy chain of the human IgG1 isotype. For administration to human subjects, these cross-competing antibodies are chimeric antibodies, or humanized or human antibodies. Useful anti-CTLA-4 antibodies also include antigen-binding portions of the above antibodies such as Fab, F(ab′)₂, Fd or Fv fragments.

Dosages

The combination of an anti-PD-1 antibody and an anti-CTLA-4 antibody can be administered to a suitable patient in therapeutically effective amounts. For example, each antibody can be administered at a dosage ranging from at least about 0.1 to at least about 20.0 mg/kg body weight. In certain embodiments, each of the anti-PD-1 and anti-CTLA-4 antibodies is individually administered at a dosage of at least about 0.1, at least about 0.3, at least about 0.5, at least about 1, at least about 3, at least about 5, at least about 10 or at least about 20 mg/kg, e.g., at least about 1 to at least about 10 mg/kg, e.g., at least about 1 to at least about 3 mg/kg, e.g., at least about 3 mg/kg, e.g., at least about 1 mg/kg. Each of the anti-PD-1 antibody and anti-CTLA-4 antibody can be administered at a dosing frequency of at least about once every week, at least about once every 2 weeks, at least about once every 3 weeks, or at least about once every 4 weeks, or at least about once a month, for up to 6 to up to 72 doses, or for as long as clinical benefit is observed, or until unmanageable toxicity or disease progression occurs. In some embodiments, the anti-PD-1 antibody is administered at a dosage of about 1 or about 3 mg/kg. In certain embodiments, the sequenced regimen comprises administering the anti-PD-1 antibody to the subject at a dosing frequency of once about every week, once about every 2 weeks, once about every 3 weeks, or once about every 4 weeks, or once a month for 6 to 72 doses, or for as long as clinical benefit is observed, or until unmanageable toxicity or disease progression occurs. In other embodiments, the anti-PD-1 is administered at a dosage of about 1 mg/kg at a dosing frequency of once about every 3 weeks for up to 48 doses. In some embodiments, the anti-CTLA-4 antibody is administered at a dosage of about 1 or about 3 mg/kg. In certain embodiments, the sequenced regimen comprises administering the anti-CTLA-4 antibody to the subject at a dosing frequency of once about every week, at least about once every 2 weeks, at least about once every 3 weeks, or at least about once every 4 weeks, or about once a month for 6 to 72 doses, or for as long as clinical benefit is observed, or until unmanageable toxicity or disease progression occurs. In other embodiments, the anti-CTLA-4 antibody is administered at a dosage of about 3 mg/kg at a dosing frequency of once about every 3 weeks for up to 48 doses.

In other embodiments, the anti-PD-1 and anti-CTLA-4 antibodies are administered at the following dosages: (a) 0.1 mg/kg anti-PD-1 antibody and 3 mg/kg of anti-CTLA-4 antibody; (b) 0.3 mg/kg anti-PD-1 antibody and 3 mg/kg of anti-CTLA-4 antibody; (c) 1 mg/kg anti-PD-1 antibody and 3 mg/kg of anti-CTLA-4 antibody; (d) 3 mg/kg anti-PD-1 antibody and 3 mg/kg of anti-CTLA-4 antibody; (e) 5 mg/kg anti-PD-1 antibody and 3 mg/kg of anti-CTLA-4 antibody; (f) 10 mg/kg anti-PD-1 antibody and 3 mg/kg of anti-CTLA-4 antibody; (g) 0.1 mg/kg anti-PD-1 antibody and 1 mg/kg of anti-CTLA-4 antibody; (h) 0.3 mg/kg anti-PD-1 antibody and 1 mg/kg of anti-CTLA-4 antibody; (i) 1 mg/kg anti-PD-1 antibody and 1 mg/kg of anti-CTLA-4 antibody; (j) 3 mg/kg anti-PD-1 antibody and 1 mg/kg of anti-CTLA-4 antibody; (k) 5 mg/kg anti-PD-1 antibody and 1 mg/kg of anti-CTLA-4 antibody; or (1) 10 mg/kg anti-PD-1 antibody and 1 mg/kg of anti-CTLA-4 antibody. In a particular embodiment, the methods include administration of 1 mg/kg of an anti-PD-1 antibody and 3 mg/kg of an anti-CTLA-4 antibody.

In some embodiments, the dosage of each of the anti-PD-1 and anti-CTLA-4 antibodies is kept constant during the induction dosing schedule and the maintenance dosing schedule. In certain embodiments, a regimen comprises: (i) an induction dosing schedule comprising combined administration of the anti-PD-1 and anti-CTLA-4 antibodies at a dosing frequency of at least once about every 2 weeks, at least once about every 3 weeks, or at least once about every 4 weeks, or at least about once a month, for at least 2, 4, 6, 8 or 10 doses, followed by administration of the anti-PD-1 antibody alone at a dosing frequency of at least once every 2, 3 or 4 weeks, or at least once a month, for at least 2, 4, 6, 8 or 12 doses; followed by (ii) a maintenance dosing schedule comprising combined administration of the anti-PD-1 and anti-CTLA-4 antibodies at a dosing frequency of at least about once every 8 weeks, once about every 12 weeks, or once about every 16 weeks, or at least once a quarter, for at least 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 or 16 doses, or for as long as clinical benefit is observed, or until unmanageable toxicity or disease progression occurs. In another embodiment, the dosing schedule comprises administering about 3 mg/kg of an anti-PD-1 antibody every 2 weeks, or about 1 mg/kg of an anti-PD-1 antibody every 3 weeks plus about 3 mg/kg of an anti-CTLA-4 antibody every 3 weeks for 4 doses, followed by about 3 mg/kg of an anti-PD-1 antibody every 2 weeks for cycle 3 and beyond, or 3 mg/kg of an anti-CTLA-4 antibody every 3 weeks for 4 doses. In one particular embodiment, the dosing schedule comprises administering about 1 mg/kg of an anti-PD-1 antibody followed by an anti-CTLA-4 antibody (e.g., about 3 mg/kg anti-CTLA-4 antibody) on the same day every 3 weeks for 4 doses, followed by about 3 mg/kg of an anti-PD-1 antibody every 2 weeks.

In certain embodiments of this method, the maintenance dosing schedule comprises combined administration of up to 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 or 16 doses of the anti-PD-1 and anti-CTLA-4 antibodies. In other embodiments, the concurrent regimen comprises: (i) an induction dosing schedule comprising combined administration of the anti-PD-1 and anti-CTLA-4 antibodies at a dosing frequency of once about every 2 weeks, at least once about every 3 weeks, or at least once about every 4 weeks, or about once a month, for 2, 4, 6 or 8 doses, followed by administration of the anti-PD-1 antibody alone at a dosing frequency of once about every 2 weeks, at least once about every 3 weeks, or at least once about every 4 weeks, or about once a month, for 2, 4, 6, 8 or 12 doses; followed by (ii) a maintenance dosing schedule comprising combined administration of the anti-PD-1 and anti-CTLA-4 antibodies at a dosing frequency of once every once about every 8, once about every 12 or once about every 16 weeks, or once a quarter, for 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 or 16 doses, or for as long as clinical benefit is observed, or until unmanageable toxicity or disease progression occurs.

In a particular embodiment, the anti-PD-1 and anti-CTLA-4 antibodies are administered at dosages of about 1 mg/kg anti-PD-1 antibody every three weeks and about 3 mg/kg of anti-CTLA-4 antibody every three weeks. In another embodiment, the patient is administered at a dose of about 1 mg/kg of an anti-PD-1 antibody, followed by an anti-CTLA-4 antibody on the same day, every 3 weeks for 4 doses, then 3 mg/kg of an anti-PD-1 antibody every 2 weeks.

In certain embodiments of the present methods, the anti-PD-1 and anti-CTLA-4 antibodies are formulated for parenteral administration, e.g., intravenous administration. In certain other embodiments, when the anti-PD-1 and anti-CTLA-4 antibodies are administered in combination, they are administered within about 30 minutes of each other. Either antibody may be administered first, that is, in certain embodiments, the anti-PD-1 antibody is administered before the anti-CTLA-4 antibody, whereas in other embodiments, the anti-CTLA-4 antibody is administered before the anti-PD-1 antibody. Typically, each antibody is administered intravenously over a period of about 60 minutes. In further embodiments, the anti-PD-1 and anti-CTLA-4 antibodies are administered concurrently, either admixed as a single composition in a pharmaceutically acceptable formulation for concurrent administration, or concurrently as separate compositions with each antibody in a pharmaceutically acceptable formulation.

In some embodiments, the anti-PD-1 antibody and the anti-CTLA-4 antibody are formulated in a single composition. The ratio of the amount of the anti-PD-1 antibody and the amount of the anti-CTLA-4 antibody in the single composition can be 10:1 to 1:10. In other embodiments, the ratio of the amount of the anti-PD-1 antibody and the amount of the anti-CTLA-4 antibody in the single composition is 5:1, 4:1, 3:1, 2:1, 1:1, 1:2, 1:3, 1:4, or 1:5. In a particular embodiment, the ratio of the amount of the anti-PD-1 antibody and the amount of the anti-CTLA-4 antibody in the single composition is 1:3.

In some embodiments, the composition is administered at a flat dose regardless of the weight of the patient. For example, each of the anti-PD-1 antibody with the anti-CTLA-4 antibody may be administered at a flat dose of 20, 50, 75, 80, 160, 200, 240, 300, 360, 400, 480, 500, 750 or 1500 mg, without regard to the patient's weight. In some embodiments the composition is administered at a weight-based dose at any dose disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the amount of the anti-PD-1 antibody and the amount of the anti-CTLA-4 antibody administered to the patient at a single dose are identical.

In certain embodiments of the present methods, the therapeutically effective dosage of the anti-PD-1 antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof is a flat dosing (not a bodyweight based dosing) and comprises about 60 mg, about 80 mg, about 100 mg, about 120 mg, about 140 mg, about 160 mg, about 180 mg, about 200 mg, about 220 mg, about 240 mg, about 260 mg, about 280 mg, or about 300 mg. In other embodiments, the therapeutically effective dosage of the anti-PD-1 antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof comprises about 320 mg, 360 mg, 400 mg, 420 mg, 480 mg, 500 mg, 540 mg, 550 mg, 600 mg, 620 mg, 650 mg, 680 mg, 700 mg, 720 mg, 780 mg, 800 mg, 840 mg, or 900 mg. In some embodiments, the dose of the anti-PD-1 antibody in the composition is between about 60 mg and about 300 mg, between about 60 mg and about 100 mg, between about 100 mg and about 200 mg, or between about 200 mg and about 300 mg. In some embodiments, the amount of the anti-PD-1 antibody in the composition is at least about 80 mg, about 160 mg, or about 240 mg. In some embodiments, the dose of the anti-PD-1 antibody in the composition is at least about 240 mg or at least about 80 mg.

In other embodiments, the dosages are given every week, every two weeks, every three weeks, every four weeks, every five weeks, every six weeks, every seven weeks, every eight weeks, every nine weeks, or every 10 weeks.

In some embodiments, the anti-PD-1 antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof is administered at a dose of about 240 mg. In embodiments, the anti-PD-1 antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof is administered at a dose of about 360 mg. In embodiments, the anti-PD-1 antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof is administered at a dose of about 480 mg. In one embodiment, 360 mg of the anti-PD-1 antibody or antigen binding fragment is administered once every 3 weeks. In another embodiment, 480 mg of the anti-PD-1 antibody or antigen binding fragment is administered once every 4 weeks.

In other embodiments, the therapeutically effective dosage of the anti-CTLA-4 antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof is a flat dosing (not a bodyweight based dosing) and comprises about 60 mg, about 80 mg, about 100 mg, about 120 mg, about 140 mg, about 160 mg, about 180 mg, about 200 mg, about 220 mg, about 240 mg, about 260 mg, about 280 mg, or about 300 mg. In other embodiments, the therapeutically effective dosage of the anti-CTLA-4 antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof comprises about 320 mg, 360 mg, 400 mg, 420 mg, 480 mg, 500 mg, 540 mg, 550 mg, 600 mg, 620 mg, 650 mg, 680 mg, 700 mg, 720 mg, 780 mg, 800 mg, 840 mg, or 900 mg. In some embodiments, the dose of the anti-CTLA-4 antibody in the composition is between about 60 mg and about 300 mg, between about 60 mg and about 100 mg, between about 100 mg and about 200 mg, or between about 200 mg and about 300 mg. In some embodiments, the amount of the anti-CTLA-4 antibody in the composition is at least about 80 mg, about 160 mg, or about 240 mg. In some embodiments, the dose of the anti-CTLA-4 antibody in the composition is at least about 240 mg or at least about 80 mg.

In some embodiments, a flat dose of an anti-PD-1 antibody is 80 mg, and a flat dose of an anti-CTLA-4 antibody is 240 mg.

In some embodiments, the anti-PD-1 antibody is administered at a subtherapeutic dose, i.e., a dose of the therapeutic agent that is significantly lower than the usual or FDA-approved dose when administered as monotherapy for the treatment of the cancer. The quantity of the second antibody in the composition is calculated based on the desired ratio.

In some embodiments, the composition is administered by intravenous infusion about once per week, about once every 2 weeks, about once every 3 weeks, or about once a month. In certain embodiments, the composition is administered once every 3 weeks. In some embodiments, the infusion occurs over at least about 10 minutes, about 20 minutes, about 30 minutes, about 45 minutes, about 60 minutes, about 90 minutes, about 2 hours, about 3 hours, about 4 hours or about 5 hours.

Actual dosage levels of the active ingredients in the pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention can be flat or varied so as to obtain an amount of the active ingredient which is effective to achieve the desired therapeutic response for a particular patient, composition, and mode of administration, without being unduly toxic to the patient. The selected dosage level will depend upon a variety of pharmacokinetic factors including the activity of the particular compositions of the present invention employed, the route of administration, the time of administration, the rate of excretion of the particular compound being employed, the duration of the treatment, other drugs, compounds and/or materials used in combination with the particular compositions employed, the age, sex, weight, condition, general health and prior medical history of the patient being treated, and like factors well known in the medical arts. A composition of the present invention can be administered via one or more routes of administration using one or more of a variety of methods well known in the art. As will be appreciated by the skilled artisan, the route and/or mode of administration will vary depending upon the desired results.

Kits

Also within the scope of the present invention are kits, including pharmaceutical kits, comprising a combination of an anti-PD-1 antibody and an anti-CTLA-4 antibody, for therapeutic uses, and diagnostic kits comprising an anti-PD-L1 antibody for assaying membranous PD-L1 expression as a biomarker for screening patients for the combination therapy or for predicting the efficacy of the combination therapy. Kits typically include a label indicating the intended use of the contents of the kit and instructions for use. The term “label” includes any writing, or recorded material supplied on or with the kit, or which otherwise accompanies the kit. In certain embodiments of a pharmaceutical kit, the anti-PD-1 antibody is co-packaged with an anti-CTLA-4 antibody in unit dosage form. In certain embodiments of a diagnostic kit, the anti-PD-L1 antibody is co-packaged with an anti-PD-1 antibody and an anti-CTLA-4 antibody for performing an assay to detect and/or quantify PD-L1 expression.

In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical kit comprises the anti-human PD-1 HuMAb, nivolumab. In other embodiments, the pharmaceutical kit comprises the anti-human PD-L1 HuMAb, BMS-936559. In yet other embodiments, the pharmaceutical kit comprises the anti-human CTLA-4 HuMAb, ipilimumab. In certain embodiments, the diagnostic kit comprises the rabbit anti-human PD-L1 mAb, 28-8, comprising the V_(H) and V_(L) regions whose amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs. 1 and 2, respectively. In other embodiments, the diagnostic kit comprises the murine anti-human PD-L1 mAb, 5H1 (Dong et al., Nature Med. 8(8):793-800 (2002)).

In some embodiments, the invention provides a kit for treating a patient afflicted with a melanoma tumor, the kit comprising:

-   (a) a dosage ranging from at least about 0.1 to at least about 10     mg/kg body weight of an anti-PD-1 antibody or an antigen-binding     portion thereof; -   (b) a dosage ranging from at least about 0.1 to at least about 10     mg/kg body weight of an anti-CTLA-4 antibody or an antigen-binding     portion thereof; and -   (c) instructions for using the anti-PD-1 antibody or the     antigen-binding portion thereof and the anti-CTLA-4 antibody or the     antigen-binding portion thereof in the methods disclosed herein.

The present invention is further illustrated by the following examples which should not be construed as further limiting. The contents of all references cited throughout this application are expressly incorporated herein by reference.

EXAMPLES Example 1

A randomized, double-blind, multicenter, phase 3 trial was conducted to evaluate the safety and efficacy of nivolumab alone or nivolumab combined with ipilimumab in comparison with ipilimumab alone in previously untreated metastatic melanoma.

Patients

Eligible patients had histologically confirmed stage III (unresectable) or stage IV melanoma, and no prior systemic treatment for unresectable or metastatic melanoma. Other eligibility criteria included an age of at least 18 years, an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status score of 0 (indicating no symptoms) or 1 (indicating mild symptoms), measurable disease by computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging per RECIST v1.1, availability of tissue collected from metastatic or unresectable tumors for the assessment of PD-L1 status, and known BRAF V600 mutation status (or consent to BRAF V600 mutation testing per local standards). Key exclusion criteria were presence of active brain metastases, ocular melanoma, or autoimmune disease, and any prior treatment with an anti-PD-1, anti-PD-L1, anti-PD-L2, or anti-CTLA-4 antibody. Patients who required systemic corticosteroid treatment or other immunosuppressive medications within 14 days of study drug administration were excluded.

Study Design and Treatment

In the double-blind, phase 3 study, enrolled patients were randomly assigned in a 1:1:1 ratio to receive 3 mg of nivolumab per kilogram of body weight every 2 weeks (plus ipilimumab-matched placebo), or 1 mg of nivolumab per kilogram every 3 weeks plus 3 mg of ipilimumab per kilogram every 3 weeks for 4 doses (plus nivolumab-matched placebo), followed by 3 mg of nivolumab per kilogram every 2 weeks for cycle 3 and beyond, or 3 mg of ipilimumab per kilogram every 3 weeks for 4 doses (plus nivolumab-matched placebo).

Both nivolumab and ipilimumab were administered by intravenous infusion. Randomization was stratified according to tumor PD-L1 status (positive vs. negative or indeterminate), BRAF mutation status (V600 mutation positive vs. wild-type), and American Joint Committee on Cancer metastasis stage (M0, M1a, or M1b vs. M1c). Treatment continued until RECIST v1.1-defined disease progression, unacceptable toxicity, or withdrawal of consent. Patients could be treated beyond progression provided they had a clinical benefit without clinical deterioration, and did not have substantial adverse effects, as assessed by the investigator.

Progression-free survival and overall survival were co-primary end points. Secondary end points included objective response rate, tumor PD-L1 expression as a predictive biomarker for progression-free and overall survival, and health-related quality of life. Exploratory end points include duration of objective response and safety/tolerability of study drug therapy.

Assessments

Patients were assessed for tumor response, according to RECIST v1.1 at 12 weeks after randomization and continuing every 6 weeks for 49 weeks, and then every 12 weeks until progression or treatment discontinuation, whichever occurred later. Progression-free survival was defined as the time between the date of randomization and the first date of documented progression or death, whichever occurred first. Patients treated beyond progression were considered to have progressive disease at the time of the initial progression event, as assessed by the investigator, regardless of subsequent tumor responses. Expression of PD-L1 on the surface of the tumor cells was assessed in a central laboratory by immunohistochemistry in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tumor specimens using a rabbit monoclonal anti-human PD-L1 antibody (clone 28-8) and an analytically validated automated assay developed by Dako (Carpinteria, Calif.). PD-L1 positivity was defined as at least 5% of tumor cells showing cell surface PD-L1 staining of any intensity in a section containing at least 100 tumor cells that could be evaluated. Indeterminate status was attributed to samples for which tumor cell-surface expression could not be discerned because of melanin content or strong cytoplasmic staining.

Any patient who received at least one dose of study drug in each of the 3 treatment groups was included in the assessment of safety. The severity of adverse events was graded according to the National Cancer Institute Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events, version 4.0.18. Safety assessments were made continuously during the treatment phase, and up to 100 days after the last dose of study drug.

Statistical Analysis

A study sample size of approximately 915 patients, randomized to the 3 treatment arms in a 1:1:1 ratio, was planned. For the comparison of progression-free survival, the number of events projected to be observed at a follow-up of at least 9 months provided approximately 83% power to detect an average hazard ratio of 0.71 with a type I error of 0.005 (two-sided). Progression-free survival was compared between nivolumab plus ipilimumab and ipilimumab alone, and between nivolumab alone and ipilimumab alone with the use of a two-sided log-rank test stratified according to PD-L1 status, BRAF mutation status, and metastasis stage (as described above). The study was not designed for a formal statistical comparison between the nivolumab alone and nivolumab plus ipilimumab groups. Hazard ratios and corresponding two-sided 99.5% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated using a Cox proportional hazards model, with treatment group as a single covariate, stratified by the above factors. Progression-free survival curves, medians with 95% CIs, and progression-free survival rates at 6, 12, and 18 months with 95% CIs were estimated using Kaplan-Meier methodology. Overall survival will be analyzed when all patients have a minimum follow-up of 22 months.

Results

Patients and Treatment

From July 2013 through March 2014, a total of 1296 patients were enrolled at 137 centers in Australia, Europe, Israel, New Zealand, and North America. A total of 945 patients underwent randomization: 316 patients were assigned to the nivolumab group, 314 to the nivolumab plus ipilimumab group, and 315 to the ipilimumab group (FIG. 1). Baseline characteristics were balanced across the three groups. A total of 58.0% had stage M1c disease, 36.1% had an elevated lactate dehydrogenase level, 31.5% had a BRAF mutation, and 73.5% had negative PD-L1 status (Table 1).

All randomized patients had been followed for a minimum of 9 months at the time of database lock (Feb. 17, 2015); 117 of 313 patients (37.4%) in the nivolumab group, 93 of 313 patients (29.7%) in the nivolumab plus ipilimumab group, and 50 of 311 patients (16.1%) in the ipilimumab group were continuing study treatment (Table 2). The most frequent reason for discontinuation was disease progression in the nivolumab and ipilimumab monotherapy groups (154 of 313 patients [49.2%] and 202 of 311 patients [65.0%], respectively), versus study drug toxicity in the nivolumab plus ipilimumab group (120 of 313 patients [38.3%]). The number of patients who had died was 85 (27.2%) in the nivolumab group, 86 (27.5%) in the nivolumab plus ipilimumab group, and 114 (36.7%) in the ipilimumab group.

The median number of doses in patients who received nivolumab alone or ipilimumab alone was 15 (range 1-38) and 4 (1-4), respectively. In the combination group, the median number of doses was 4 (range 1-39) for nivolumab and 4 (range 1-4) for ipilimumab; 147 of 313 patients (47%) received four or more doses of nivolumab monotherapy after combination treatment.

TABLE 1 Baseline Characteristics of the Patients. Nivolumab alone Nivolumab plus Ipilimumab alone Total Characteristic (N = 316) Ipilimumab (N = 314) (N = 315) (N = 945) Age - yr Mean 58.7 59.3 60.8 59.6 Range 25-90 18-88 18-89 18-90 Age groups - no. (%) <65 yr 198 (62.7) 185 (58.9) 182 (57.8) 565 (59.8) ≥65, <75 yr  79 (25.0)  94 (29.9)  89 (28.3) 262 (27.7) ≥75 yr  39 (12.3)  35 (11.1)  44 (14.0) 118 (12.5) Sex - no. (%) Male 202 (63.9) 206 (65.6) 202 (64.1) 610 (64.6) Female 114 (36.1) 108 (34.4) 113 (35.9) 335 (35.4) ECOG performance status - no. (%) 0 238 (75.3) 230 (73.2) 224 (71.1) 692 (73.2) 1  77 (24.4)  83 (26.4)  91 (28.9) 251 (26.6) 2  1 (0.3) 0 0  1 (0.1) Not reported 0  1 (0.3) 0  1 (0.1) M stage - no. (%) M1c 184 (58.2) 181 (57.6) 183 (58.1) 548 (58.0) M0, M1a, or M1b 132 (41.8) 133 (42.4) 132 (41.9) 397 (42.0) Lactate dehydrogenase - no. (%)* ≤ULN 196 (62.0) 199 (63.4) 194 (61.6) 589 (62.3) >ULN 112 (35.4) 114 (36.3) 115 (36.5) 341 (36.1) ≤2x ULN 271 (85.8) 276 (87.9) 279 (88.6) 826 (87.4) >2x ULN  37 (11.7)  37 (11.8) 30 (9.5) 104 (11.0) Unknown  8 (2.5)  1 (0.3)  6 (1.9) 15 (1.6) Brain metastases at baseline - no. (%) Yes  8 (2.5) 11 (3.5) 15 (4.8) 34 (3.6) No 308 (37.5) 303 (96.5) 300 (95.2) 911 (96.4) PD-L1 status - no. (%) Positive  80 (27.8)  68 (24.5)  75 (27.1) 223 (26.4) Negative 208 (72.2) 210 (75.5) 202 (72.9) 620 (73.5) BRAF status - no. (%) Mutation 100 (31.6) 101 (32.2)  97 (30.8) 298 (31.5) No mutation 216 (68.4) 213 (67.8) 218 (69.2) 647 (68.5) *ULN denotes upper limit of normal. Efficacy

The median progression-free survival was 6.5 months (95% confidence interval [CI], 4.3 to 9.5) in the nivolumab group, 11.5 months (95% CI, 8.9 to 16.5) in the nivolumab plus ipilimumab group, and 2.9 months (95% CI, 2.8 to 3.4) in the ipilimumab group (FIG. 2A). A significant improvement in progression-free survival was observed in the nivolumab plus ipilimumab group as compared with the ipilimumab group (hazard ratio, 0.42; 95% CI, 0.31 to 0.57; P<0.0001) (FIG. 2A). A significant improvement in progression-free survival was also observed in the nivolumab group as compared with the ipilimumab group (hazard ratio, 0.57; 95% CI, 0.43 to 0.76; P<0.00001) (FIG. 2A). The hazard ratio for the comparison between nivolumab plus ipilimumab and nivolumab groups was 0.74 (95% CI, 0.60 to 0.92).

Analyses of progression-free survival among prespecified patient subgroups showed a consistent improvement with nivolumab or nivolumab plus ipilimumab as compared with ipilimumab, including subgroups defined by PD-L1 status, BRAF mutation status, and metastasis stage (FIGS. 3A and 3B). In the combination group, median PFS was 11.7 months (95% CI, 8.0 to not reached) among patients with a BRAF mutation and was 11.2 months (95% CI, 8.3 to not reached) in patients with wild-type BRAF (FIG. 3B). For patients with a positive PD-L1 tumor status, median progression-free survival in the nivolumab, nivolumab plus ipilimumab, and ipilimumab groups was 14.0 months (95% CI, 9.1 to not reached), 14.0 months (95% CI, 9.7 to not reached), and 3.9 months (95% CI, 2.8 to 4.2), respectively (FIG. 2B). For patients with a negative PD-L1 tumor status, median progression-free survival in the nivolumab, nivolumab plus ipilimumab, and ipilimumab groups was 5.3 months (95% CI, 2.8 to 7.1 months), 11.2 months (95% CI, 8.0 to not reached) and 2.8 months (95% CI, 2.8 to 3.1), respectively (FIG. 2C).

Investigator-assessed objective response rates were 43.7% (95% CI, 38.1 to 49.3%), 57.6% (95% CI, 52.0 to 63.2), and 19.0% (95% CI, 14.9 to 23.8) in the nivolumab, nivolumab plus ipilimumab, and ipilimumab groups, respectively (Table 3). The percentage of patients with a complete response was higher in the nivolumab plus ipilimumab group than in either the nivolumab or ipilimumab alone groups (11.5% vs. 8.9% and 2.2%) (Table 3). Time to objective response was similar in each group (Table 3), and the median duration of response was not reached in any of the groups.

Median reduction in the sum of the longest diameters of tumor target lesions was −34.5% (interquartile range: −75.4 to 15.4), −51.1% (−75.8 to −10.2), and 5.8% (−28.0 to 33.3) in the nivolumab, nivolumab plus ipilimumab, and ipilimumab groups, respectively (FIGS. 4A-4C). Among patients with PD-L1-positive tumors, the objective response rates were 57.5% (95% CI, 45.9 to 68.5), 72.1% (95% CI, 59.9 to 82.3), and 21.3% (95% CI, 12.7 to 32.3) for the nivolumab, nivolumab plus ipilimumab, and ipilimumab groups, respectively; in patients with PD-L1-negative tumors, the objective response rates were 41.3% (95% CI, 34.6 to 48.4), 54.8% (95% CI, 47.8 to 61.6), and 17.8% (95% CI, 12.8 to 23.8) (Table 4).

Adverse Events

Treatment-related adverse events of any grade occurred in 82.1%, 95.5%, and 86.2% of patients in the nivolumab, nivolumab plus ipilimumab groups, and ipilimumab groups, respectively (Table 5). The most common adverse events in the nivolumab group were fatigue (in 34.2% of patients), rash (in 21.7%), and diarrhea (in 19.2%). In the nivolumab plus ipilimumab and ipilimumab groups, diarrhea (in 44.1% and 33.1% of patients, respectively), fatigue (in 35.1% and 28.0%), and pruritus (in 33.2% and 35.4%) were most common (Table 5). The incidence of treatment-related adverse events of grade 3 or 4 was also higher in the nivolumab plus ipilimumab group than in either the nivolumab or ipilimumab groups (55.0% vs. 16.3% and 27.3%), with diarrhea being the most common (2.2%, 9.3%, and 6.1% in the nivolumab, nivolumab plus ipilimumab, and ipilimumab groups, respectively) (Table 5). Treatment-related adverse events of any grade leading to discontinuation occurred in 7.7%, 36.4%, and 14.8% of patients in the nivolumab, nivolumab plus ipilimumab, and ipilimumab groups, respectively, with the most common being diarrhea (in 1.9%, 8.3%, and 4.5%, respectively) and colitis (in 0.6%, 8.3%, and 7.7%, respectively) (Table 5). One death due to study-drug toxicity was reported in the nivolumab group (neutropenia) and one in the ipilimumab group (cardiac arrest), although such adverse events have not been associated with these drugs in prior studies. No treatment-related deaths were reported in the combination group.

TABLE 2 Patient Disposition.* Nivolumab Nivolumab plus Ipilimumab alone Ipilimumab alone (N = 313) (N = 313) (N = 311) Patients in the treatment period - no. (%) Continuing 117 (37.4)  93 (29.7) 50 (16.1) Not continuing 196 (62.6)  220 (70.3)  261 (83.9)  Reason for not continuing the treatment - no. (%) Disease progression 154 (49.2)  69 (22.0) 202 (65.0)  Study drug toxicity 27 (8.6)  120 (38.3)  47 (15.1) Adverse event unrelated to 5 (1.6) 12 (3.8)  4 (1.3) study drug Patient request to discontinue 5 (1.6) 5 (1.6) 4 (1.3) treatment Death 5 (1.6) 5 (1.6) 4 (1.3) Maximum clinical benefit 2 (0.6) 2 (0.6) 0 Poor/non-compliance 1 (0.3) 1 (0.3) 1 (0.3) Patient withdrew consent 0 3 (1.0) 0 Lost to follow-up 1 (0.3) 0 0 Patient no longer meets study 0 1 (0.3) 0 criteria Other 0 3 (1.0) 2 (0.6) Patients in the study - no. (%) Continuing 223 (71.2)  221 (70.6)  189 (60.8)  Died 85 (27.2) 86 (27.5) 114 (36.7)  Not continuing 5 (1.6) 6 (1.9) 8 (2.6) *At the time of database lock on Feb. 17, 2015.

TABLE 3 Response to Treatment. Nivolumab alone HCNivolumab plus Ipilimumab alone Response (N = 316) Ipilimumab (N = 314) (N = 315) Best overall response - no. (%)^(†) Complete response 28 (8.9) 36 (11.5) 7 (2.2) Partial response 110 (34.8) 145 (46.2) 53 (16.8) Stable disease 34 (10.8) 41 (13.1) 69 (21.9) Progressive disease 119 (37.7) 71 (22.6) 154 (48.9) Could not be determined 25 (7.9) 21 (6.7) 32 (10.2) Objective response^(‡) No. of patients (% [95% CI]) 138 (43.7 [38.1-49.3]) 181 (57.6 [52.0-63.2]) 60 (19.0 [14.9-23.8]) Estimated odds ratio (95% CI)^(§) 3.40 (2.02-5.72) 6.11 (3.59-10.38) — Two-sided P value <0.00001 <0.00001 — Time to objective response - mo No. of responders 138 181 60 Median 2.78 2.76 2.79 Range 2.3-12.5 1.1-11.6 2.5-12.4 ^(†)Best overall response were assessed by the investigators with the use of RECIST v1.1. ^(‡)Data include patients with a complete response and those with a partial response. ^(§)Relative to ipilimumab alone.

TABLE 4 Objective Response Rate by PD-L1 Status. PD-L1 Positive Nivolumab alone Nivolumab plus Ipilimumab alone Objective response^(†) (N = 80) Ipilimumab (N = 68) (N = 75) No. of patients (% [95% CI]) 46 (57.5 [45.9-68.5]) 49 (72.1 [59.9-82.3]) 16 (21.3 [12.7-32.3]) Estimated odds ratio (95% CI)^(§) 5.03 (2.44-10.37) 10.41 (4.63-23.40) — PD-L1 Negative Nivolumab alone Nivolumab plus Ipilimumab alone Objective response^(†) (N = 208) Ipilimumab (N = 210) (N = 202) No. of patients (% [95% CI]) 86 (41.3 [34.6-48.4]) 115 (54.8 [47.8-61.6]) 36 (17.8 [12.8-23.8]) Estimated odds ratio (95% CI)^(§) 3.25 (2.05-5.13) 5.90 (3.71-9.38) — ^(†)Best overall response was assessed by the investigators with the use of RECIST v1.1. ^(§)Relative to ipilimumab alone.

The most frequent grade 3 or 4 treatment-related select adverse events were diarrhea (2.2%, 9.3%, and 6.1% of patients in the nivolumab, nivolumab plus ipilimumab, and ipilimumab groups, respectively), colitis (in 0.6%, 7.7%, and 8.7%, respectively), increased alanine aminotransferase (in 1.3%, 8.3%, and 1.6%, respectively), and increased aspartate aminotransferase (in 1.0%, 6.1%, and 0.6%, respectively) (Table 6). With the use of immune modulatory agents, resolution rates for grade 3 or 4 select adverse events were generally similar across treatment groups, and were between 85-100% across organ categories in the nivolumab plus ipilimumab group. As observed in prior studies, most endocrine events in all treatment groups did not resolve (Table 7).

DISCUSSION

In this randomized, double-blind, phase 3 study, both nivolumab alone and the combination of nivolumab and ipilimumab significantly increased progression-free survival and objective response rates, as compared with ipilimumab alone, in previously untreated advanced melanoma. These results were observed independently of PD-L1 tumor status, BRAF mutation status, or metastasis stage. Baseline characteristics of study participants were typical of patients with advanced melanoma, although the BRAF mutation rate (31.5%) was lower than the 40-50% generally reported for advanced disease. While not a primary end point of the study, the combination of nivolumab and ipilimumab resulted in numerically longer progression-free survival and a higher response rate as compared with nivolumab alone in the overall study population. While time to response was similar between groups, the first tumor assessment was done at week 12 and thus the possibility that responses may have occurred earlier with the combination remains unknown.

TABLE 5 Adverse Events (Safety Population).* Nivolumab alone Nivolumab plus Ipilimumab Ipilimumab alone (N = 313) (N = 313) (N = 311) Total Grade 3 or 4 Total Grade 3 or 4 Total Grade 3 or 4 Event no. of patients with event (%) Any adverse event 311 (99.4) 136 (43.5)  312 (99.7)  215 (68.7)  308 (99.0) 173 (55.6)  Treatment-related adverse event^(†) 257 (82.1) 51 (16.3) 299 (95.5)  172 (55.0)  268 (86.2) 85 (27.3) Diarrhea  60 (19.2) 7 (2.2) 138 (44.1)  29 (9.3)  103 (33.1) 19 (6.1)  Fatigue 107 (34.2) 4 (1.3) 110 (35.1)  13 (4.2)   87 (28.0) 3 (1.0) Pruritus  59 (18.8) 0 104 (33.2)  6 (1.9) 110 (35.4) 1 (0.3) Rash  81 (25.9) 2 (0.6) 126 (40.3)  15 (4.8)  102 (32.8) 6 (1.9) Nausea  41 (13.1) 0 81 (25.9) 7 (2.2)  50 (16.1) 2 (0.6) Pyrexia 18 (5.8) 0 58 (18.5) 2 (0.6) 21 (6.8) 1 (0.3) Decreased appetite  34 (10.9) 0 56 (17.9) 4 (1.3)  39 (12.5) 1 (0.3) Increase in alanine aminotransferase 12 (3.8) 4 (1.3) 55 (17.6) 26 (8.3)  12 (3.9) 5 (1.6) Vomiting 20 (6.4) 1 (0.3) 48 (15.3) 8 (2.6) 23 (7.4) 1 (0.3) Increase in aspartate aminotransferase 12 (3.8) 3 (1.0) 48 (15.3) 19 (6.1)  11 (3.5) 2 (0.6) Hypothyroidism 27 (8.6) 0 47 (15.0) 1 (0.3) 13 (4.2) 0 Colitis  4 (1.3) 2 (0.6) 37 (11.8) 24 (7.7)   36 (11.6) 27 (8.7)  Arthralgia 24 (7.7) 0 33 (10.5) 1 (0.3) 19 (6.1) 0 Headache 23 (7.3) 0 32 (10.2) 1 (0.3) 24 (7.7) 1 (0.3) Dyspnea 14 (4.5) 1 (0.3) 32 (10.2) 2 (0.6) 13 (4.2) 0 Treatment-related adverse event 24 (7.7) 16 (5.1)  114 (36.4)  92 (29.4)  46 (14.8) 41 (13.2) leading to discontinuation *The severity of adverse events was graded according to the National Cancer Institute Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events, version 4.0. ^(†)The treatment-related adverse events listed here were reported in at least 10% of the patients in any of the three study groups.

TABLE 6 Treatment-related Select Adverse Events (Safety Population).* Nivolumab alone Nivolumab plus Ipilimumab Ipilimumab alone (N = 313) (N = 313) (N = 311) Total Grade 3 or 4 Total Grade 3 or 4 Total Grade 3 or 4 Event no. of patients with event (%) Any select adverse event 194 (62.0) 24 (7.7)  275 (87.9) 124 (39.6)  229 (73.6) 58 (18.6) Treatment-related select adverse event^(†) Skin 131 (41.9) 5 (1.6) 185 (59.1) 18 (5.8)  168 (54.0) 9 (2.9) Pruritus  59 (18.8) 0 104 (33.2) 6 (1.9) 110 (35.4) 1 (0.3) Rash  68 (21.7) 1 (0.3)  89 (28.4) 9 (2.9)  65 (20.9) 5 (1.6) Rash maculo-papular 13 (4.2) 1 (0.3)  37 (11.8) 6 (1.9)  37 (11.9) 1 (0.3) Vitiligo 23 (7.3) 1 (0.3) 21 (6.7) 0 12 (3.9) 0 Gastrointestinal  61 (19.5) 7 (2.2) 145 (46.3) 46 (14.7) 114 (36.7) 36 (11.6) Diarrhea  60 (19.2) 7 (2.2) 138 (44.1) 29 (9.3)  103 (33.1) 19 (6.1)  Colitis  4 (1.3) 2 (0.6)  37 (11.8) 24 (7.7)   36 (11.6) 27 (8.7)  Hepatic 20 (6.4) 8 (2.6)  94 (30.0) 59 (18.8) 22 (7.1) 5 (1.6) Increase in alanine aminotransferase 12 (3.8) 4 (1.3)  55 (17.6) 26 (8.3)  12 (3.9) 5 (1.6) Increase in aspartate aminotransferase 12 (3.8) 3 (1.0)  48 (15.3) 19 (6.1)  11 (3.5) 2 (0.6) Endocrine  45 (14.4) 2 (0.6)  94 (30.0) 15 (4.8)   34 (10.9) 7 (2.3) Hypothyroidism 27 (8.6) 0  47 (15.0) 1 (0.3) 13 (4.2) 0 Hyperthyroidism 13 (4.2) 0 31 (9.9) 3 (1.0)  3 (1.0) 0 Hypophysitis  2 (0.6) 1 (0.3) 24 (7.7) 5 (1.6) 12 (3.9) 6 (1.9) Pulmonary  5 (1.6) 1 (0.3) 22 (7.0) 3 (1.0)  6 (1.9) 1 (0.3) Pneumonitis  4 (1.3) 1 (0.3) 20 (6.4) 3 (1.0)  5 (1.6) 1 (0.3) *The severity of adverse events was graded according to the National Cancer Institute Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events, version 4.0. ^(†)The treatment-related select adverse events listed here were reported in at least 5% of the patients in any of the three study groups.

TABLE 7 Management of Treatment-related Select Adverse Events With Immune Modulatory Medication (IMM). Nivolumab Nivolumab plus Ipilimumab Select Patients with Patients with Adverse Patients resolution of Median time Patients resolution of Event managed AE after treat- to resolu- managed AE after treat- Organ with IMM, ment with IMM, tion, weeks with IMM, ment with IMM, Category n (%) n (%) (95% CI) n (%) n (%) Skin 33/131 (25.2)   17 (54.8)  34.9 (18.0, NE) 80/185 (43.2)  55 (75.3) Grade 3-4 3/5 (60.0) 3 (75.0)  2.1 (0.9, NE) 12/18 (66.7) 12 (85.7) Gastro- 9/61 (14.8)  5 (71.4)  4.0 (0.8, NE) 71/145 (49.0)  62 (93.9) intestinal 5/7 (71.4) 3 (50.0)  NE (0.8, NE) 41/46 (89.1) 41 (97.6) Grade 3-4 Endocrine 5/45 (11.1)  2 (40.0)  24.3 (7.1, NE)  36/94 (38.3) 14 (41.2) Grade 3-4 2/2 (100)  0 NE (NE, NE) 10/15 (66.7)  5 (45.5) Hepatic 8/22 (36.4)  6 (100.0)  7.0 (2.0, 27.1) 46/95 (48.4) 43 (95.6) Grade 3-4 7/8 (87.5) 6 (100.0)  7.0 (2.0, 27.1) 37/60 (61.7)  38 (100.0) Pulmonary 4/5 (80.0) 4 (100.0) 3.3 (2.3, 9.1) 17/22 (77.3) 16 (94.1) Grade 3-4 1/1 (100)  1 (100.0) 2.3 (NE, NE)  2/3 (66.7)  2 (100.0) Renal 1/3 (33.3) 1 (100.0) 0.3 (NE, NE)  4/17 (23.5)  3 (100.0) Grade 3-4 0/1 0  3/6 (50.0)  3 (100.0) Nivolumab plus Ipilimumab Select Ipilimumab Patients with Adverse Median time Patients resolution of Median time Event to resolu- managed AE after treat- to resolu- Organ tion, weeks with IMM, ment with IMM, tion, weeks Category (95% CI) n (%) n (%) (95% CI) Skin  8.6 (7.0, 12.6) 58/168 (34.5)   41 (74.5)  12.4 (8.9, 19.1) Grade 3-4  3.4 (1.1, 12.4) 5/9 (55.6) 5 (83.3)  6.1 (4.4, NE) Gastro- 4.5 (3.5, 5.7) 54/114 (47.4)   44 (88.0)  4.9 (2.9, 7.6) intestinal 3.0 (1.9, 4.3) 33/36 (91.7)  31 (88.6)  4.7 (1.9, 6.1) Grade 3-4 Endocrine  NE (10.4, NE) 15/34 (44.1)  4 (28.6)   NE (0.71, NE) Grade 3-4 NE (4.5, NE)  7/7 (100.0) 3 (42.9)   NE (0.43, NE) Hepatic 5.9 (3.3, 6.6) 3/22 (13.6)  3 (100.0) 4.1 (4.0, 7.7) Grade 3-4 4.1 (3.0, 6.1) 2/5 (40.0) 2 (100.0) 5.9 (4.0, 7.7) Pulmonary 6.1 (1.1, 8.3) 3/6 (50.0) 2 (66.7)  6.1 (6.0, 6.3) Grade 3-4 4.2 (1.1, 7.3) 1/1 (100)  1 (100.0)  4.7 (NE, NE) Renal 1.7 (0.4, 3.7) 3/8 (37.5) 3 (100.0)  4.6 (0.6, 16.1) Grade 3-4 1.7 (0.4, 3.6) 1/1 (100)  1 (100.0)  4.6 (NE, NE)

The median progression-free survival reported for the combination of nivolumab and ipilimumab in this study (11.7 months in BRAF-mutant patients) is similar to that recently reported for the combination of BRAF and MEK inhibition in BRAF-mutant metastatic melanoma (9.9 months for vemurafenib and cobimetinib; 9.3 to 11.4 months for dabrafenib and trametinib). Resistance to such targeted therapies is almost inevitable when used as monotherapy and in many cases is very rapid. The confirmed rate of objective response for combined nivolumab and ipilimumab (57.6%) is numerically higher than observed with PD-1 blockade alone in advanced melanoma (nivolumab [40%] in treatment-naïve patients with wild-type BRAF or pembrolizumab [37%] in ipilimumab-naïve patients).

The results of subgroup analyses suggest that the greatest benefit for the combination of nivolumab and ipilimumab versus nivolumab alone may occur in the setting of negative PD-L1 tumor expression. In the PD-L1-positive group, both nivolumab alone and nivolumab plus ipilimumab resulted in a similar prolongation of progression-free survival as compared with ipilimumab alone, although objective response rates were numerically higher in the combination group versus either nivolumab or ipilimumab alone. Thus, the use of PD-L1 as a biomarker may allow clinicians to make more informed decisions about the risk-benefit of combination therapy versus monotherapy. Nonetheless, the observation of at least additive activity of the combination of ipilimumab and nivolumab in the setting of negative PD-L1 expression is of interest in melanoma as well as in other tumor types in which PD-1 checkpoint inhibitors are under evaluation.

The incidence of adverse events in this study was, in general, lowest in the nivolumab group and highest in the combination group. The overall incidence of grade 3 or 4 drug-related adverse events was higher in the combination group as compared with ipilimumab alone (39.6% versus 18.6%), as a result of a slightly higher incidence in most adverse events, particularly hepatic toxicity, where the rates of grade 3 or 4 ALT/AST elevations were 6-8% for the combination and approximately 1% for ipilimumab alone. One drug-related death was reported in each of the nivolumab and ipilimumab groups but none in the combination group. Overall, the safety profile of the combination of nivolumab and ipilimumab was consistent with previous experience with nivolumab or ipilimumab alone. No new safety signals were identified, and adverse events were manageable with established treatment guidelines as most select adverse events resolved with immune modulatory agents. These data suggest that the combination of nivolumab and ipilimumab can be used safely in a broad range of clinical settings.

In summary, the report shows increased progression-free survival and objective response rates for nivolumab alone and the combination of nivolumab and ipilimumab, as compared with ipilimumab alone, in previously untreated advanced melanoma. Adverse events with the combination were managed with established algorithms, with no study drug-related deaths. The combination of nivolumab and ipilimumab may represent a means to improve outcomes with either agent as monotherapy, particularly for patients having PD-L1-negative tumors. Overall, nivolumab alone and the combination of nivolumab and ipilimumab are promising treatment options for previously untreated advanced melanoma.

SEQUENCES V_(H) amino acid sequence of 28-8 (Oryctolagus cuniculus) (SEQ ID NO: 1) Met Glu Thr Gly Leu Arg Trp Leu Leu Leu Val Ala Val Leu Lys Gly Val  Gln Cys Leu Ser Val Glu Glu Ser Gly Gly Arg Leu Val Thr Pro Gly Thr  Pro Leu Thr Leu Thr Cys Thr Ala Ser Gly Phe Thr Ile Thr Asn Tyr His  Met Phe Trp Val Arg Gln Ala Pro Gly Lys Gly Leu Glu Trp Ile Gly Val  Ile Thr Ser Ser Gly Ile Gly Ser Ser Ser Thr Thr Tyr Tyr Ala Thr Trp  Ala Lys Gly Arg Phe Thr Ile Ser Lys Thr Ser Thr Thr Val Asn Leu Arg  Ile Thr Ser Pro Thr Thr Glu Asp Thr Ala Thr Tyr Phe Cys Ala Arg Asp  Tyr Phe Thr Asn Thr Tyr Tyr Ala Leu Asp Ile Trp Gly Pro Gly Thr Leu  Val Thr Val Ser Ser V_(L) amino acid sequence of 28-8 (Oryctolagus cuniculus) (SEQ ID NO: 2) Met Asp Thr Arg Ala Pro Thr Gln Leu Leu Gly Leu Leu Leu Leu Trp Leu  Pro Gly Ala Arg Cys Ala Leu Val Met Thr Gln Thr Pro Ser Ser Thr Ser  Thr Ala Val Gly Gly Thr Val Thr Ile Lys Cys Gln Ala Ser Gln Ser Ile  Ser Val Tyr Leu Ala Trp Tyr Gln Gln Lys Pro Gly Gln Pro Pro Lys Leu  Leu Ile Tyr Ser Ala Ser Thr Leu Ala Ser Gly Val Pro Ser Arg Phe Lys  Gly Ser Arg Ser Gly Thr Glu Tyr Thr Leu Thr Ile Ser Gly Val Gln Arg  Glu Asp Ala Ala Thr Tyr Tyr Cys Leu Gly Ser Ala Gly Ser Heavy Chain CDR1 sequence of 28-8 (Oryctolagus cuniculus) (SEQ ID NO: 3) Asn Tyr His Met Phe Heavy Chain CDR2 sequence of 28-8 (Oryctolagus cuniculus) (SEQ ID NO: 4) Val Ile Thr Ser Ser Gly Ile Gly Ser Ser Ser Thr Thr Tyr Tyr Ala Thr Trp Ala Lys Gly Heavy Chain CDR3 sequence of 28-8 (Oryctolagus cuniculus) (SEQ ID NO: 5) Asp Tyr Phe Thr Asn Thr Tyr Tyr Ala Leu Asp Ile Light Chain CDR1 sequence of 28-8 (Oryctolagus cuniculus) (SEQ ID NO: 6) Gln Ala Ser Gln Ser Ile Ser Val Tyr Leu Ala Light Chain CDR2 sequence of 28-8 (Oryctolagus cuniculus) (SEQ ID NO: 7) Ser Ala Ser Thr Leu Ala Ser Light Chain CDR3 sequence of 28-8 (Oryctolagus cuniculus) (SEQ ID NO: 8) Leu Gly Ser Ala Gly Ser Asp Asp Ala Ala 

What is claimed is:
 1. A method for treating a melanoma tumor in a human patient in need thereof comprising: (i) identifying a patient having a PD-L1-negative melanoma tumor; and (ii) administering to the patient: (a) about 1 mg/kg of an antibody or an antigen-binding portion thereof that binds specifically to a human PD-1 (“an anti-PD-1 antibody”) and a dose of an antibody or an antigen-binding portion thereof that binds specifically to a human CTLA-4 (“an anti-CTLA-4 antibody”) every three weeks for about 4 doses; followed by (b) a dose of the anti-PD-1 antibody, wherein the dose in (b) is a flat dose of about 240 mg or about 480 mg.
 2. A method for treating a melanoma tumor in a human patient in need thereof comprising administering to the patient: (a) about 1 mg/kg of an antibody or an antigen-binding portion thereof that binds specifically to a human PD-1 (“an anti-PD-1 antibody”) and a dose of an antibody or an antigen-binding portion thereof that binds specifically to a human CTLA-4 (“an anti-CTLA-4 antibody”) every three weeks for about 4 doses; followed by (b) a dose of the anti-PD-1 antibody, wherein the dose in (b) is a flat dose of about 240 mg or about 480 mg.
 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the patient is characterized by (i) extended progression-free survival for over 8 months following the administration, (ii) tumor size reduction at least about 10% compared to the tumor size prior to the administration, or (iii) both (i) and (ii).
 4. The method of claim 2, further comprising measuring a PD-L1 expression on the melanoma tumor prior to the administration.
 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the measuring comprises providing a test tissue sample obtained from the patient, the test tissue sample comprising tumor cells and/or tumor-infiltrating inflammatory cells.
 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the measuring further comprises assessing the proportion of cells in the test tissue sample that express PD-L1 on the cell surface.
 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the test tissue sample is a formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue sample, and wherein the presence of PD-L1 is determined using an automated IHC assay.
 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the IHC assay is performed using an anti-PD-L1 monoclonal antibody that specifically binds to the PD-L1 and wherein the anti-PD-L1 monoclonal antibody comprises a variable heavy region comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1 and a variable light region comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:
 2. 9. The method of claim 2, wherein less than about 5% of tumor cells show binding to an anti-PD-L1 antibody or an antigen-binding portion thereof.
 10. The method of claim 2, wherein the anti-PD-1 antibody is nivolumab.
 11. The method of claim 2, wherein the dose of the anti-PD-1 antibody in (b) is about 240 mg administered once every two weeks.
 12. The method of claim 2, wherein the dose of the anti-PD-1 antibody in (b) is about 480 mg administered once every four weeks.
 13. The method of claim 2, wherein the anti-CTLA-4 antibody is ipilimumab.
 14. The method of claim 2, wherein the dose of the anti-CTLA-4 antibody is from 0.1 mg/kg to 10.0 mg/kg.
 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the dose of the anti-CTLA-4 antibody is 3 mg/kg.
 16. The method of claim 2, further comprising administering an anti-cancer agent.
 17. The method of claim 1, wherein the dose of the anti-PD-1 antibody in (b) is about 240 mg administered once every two weeks.
 18. The method of claim 1, wherein the dose of the anti-PD-1 antibody in (b) is about 480 mg administered once every four weeks.
 19. The method of claim 1, wherein the dose of the anti-CTLA-4 antibody is 3 mg/kg.
 20. The method of claim 1, wherein the anti-PD-1 antibody is nivolumab. 